American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 136-142 , February 2003

Family history assessment: Strategies for prevention of cardiovascular disease

  • Steven C Hunt, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Steven C. Hunt, PhD, Cardiovascular Genetics Research Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, 410 Chipeta Way, Room 167, Salt Lake City UT 84108, USA.
    • Cardiovascular Genetics Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine (Hunt, Adams), Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
  • ,
  • Marta Gwinn, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Gwinn), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
  • ,
  • Ted D Adams, PhD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Genetics Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine (Hunt, Adams), Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

References 

  1. Expert Committee on Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease . Prevention of coronary heart disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1982;
  2. Oliver MF. Should we not forget about mass control of coronary risk factors?. Lancet. 1983;2:37–38
  3. Kottke TE, Puska P, Salonen JT, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A. Projected effects of high-risk versus population-based prevention strategies in coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:697–704
  4. Kannel WB. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of coronary heart disease. In:  Fuster V,  Ross R,  Topol EJ editor. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1996;p. 13–21
  5. Burke GL, Sprafka JM, Folsom AR, Luepker RV, Norsted SW, Blackburn H. Trends in CHD mortality, morbidity and risk factor levels from 1960 to 1986 (the Minnesota Heart Survey). Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18(suppl):73–81
  6. Rosamond WD, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Wang CH. Coronary heart disease trends in four United States communities (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study 1987–1996). Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(suppl 1):17–22
  7. Gillum RF, Sempos CT. The end of the long-term decline in stroke mortality in the United States?. Stroke. 1997;28:1527–1529
  8. Wald NJ, Hackshaw AK, Frost CD. When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?. BMJ. 1999;319:1562–1565
  9. Collins FS, McKusick VA. Implications of the Human Genome Project for medical science. JAMA. 2001;285:540–544
  10. Holtzman NA, Marteau TM. Will genetics revolutionize medicine?. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:141–144
  11. Williams RR, Hasstedt SJ, Hunt SC, et al.  Genetic traits related to hypertension and electrolyte metabolism. Hypertension. 1991;17(suppl 1):69–73
  12. Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Kuida H, Stults BM, Hopkins PH, Williams RR. Genetic heritability and common environmental components of resting and stressed blood pressures, lipids, and body mass index in Utah pedigrees and twins. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:625–638
  13. Hunt SC, Williams RR, Barlow GK. A comparison of positive family history definitions for defining risk of future disease. J Chron Dis. 1986;39:809–821
  14. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Schumacher MC, et al.  Genes, hypertension and coronary heart disease (evidence for shared metabolic pathophysiology). In:  Smith U,  Bruun NE,  Hedner T,  Hokfelt B editor. Hypertension—an insulin-resistant disorder. Genetic factors and cellular mechanisms. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991;p. 89–101
  15. Scheuner MT, Wang SJ, Raffel LJ, Larabell SK, Rotter JI. Family history (a comprehensive genetic risk assessment method for the chronic conditions of adulthood). Am J Med Genet. 1997;71:315–324
  16. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Heiss G, et al.  Usefulness of cardiovascular family history data for population-based preventive medicine and medical research (the Health Family Tree Study and the NHLBI Family Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:129–135
  17. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al.  AHA Guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke (2002 update: consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases). Circulation. 2002;106:388–391
  18. Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Phillips AN, Walker M. Identifying men at high risk of heart attacks (strategy for use in general practice). BMJ. 1986;293:474–479
  19. Hopkins PN, Williams RR, Kuida H, et al.  Family history as an independent risk factor for incident coronary artery disease in a high-risk cohort in Utah. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:703–707
  20. Sorensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, Teasdale TW. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:727–732
  21. Myers RH, Kiely DK, Cupples LA, Kannel WB. Parental history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (the Framingham Study). Am Heart J. 1990;120:963–969
  22. Roncaglioni MC, Santoro L, D’Avanzo B, et al.  Role of family history in patients with myocardial infarction. An Italian case-control study. GISSI-EFRIM Investigators. Circulation. 1992;85:2065–2072
  23. Grech ED, Ramsdale DR, Bray CL, Faragher EB. Family history as an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:1311–1315
  24. Castro-Beiras A, Muniz J, Fernandez-Fuertes I, et al.  Family history as an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in a low incidence area (Galicia, Spain). Eur Heart J. 1993;14:1445–1450
  25. Marenberg ME, Risch N, Berkman LF, Floderus B, de Faire U. Genetic susceptibility to death from coronary heart disease in a study of twins. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1041–1046
  26. Eaton CB, Bostom AG, Yanek L, et al.  Family history and premature coronary heart disease. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1996;9:312–318
  27. Boer JM, Feskens EJ, Verschuren WM, Seidell JC, Kromhout D. The joint impact of family history of myocardial infarction and other risk factors on 12-year coronary heart disease mortality. Epidemiology. 1999;10:767–770
  28. Friedlander Y, Arbogast P, Schwartz SM, et al.  Family history as a risk factor for early onset myocardial infarction in young women. Atherosclerosis. 2001;156:201–207
  29. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD  MRFIT Cooperative Research Group . Is the relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 1986;256:2823–2828
  30. Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD, et al.  Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy (findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women). JAMA. 1999;282:2012–2018
  31. Magnus P, Beaglehole R. The real contribution of the major risk factors to the coronary epidemics (time to end the “only-50%” myth). Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2657–2660
  32. Connor WE, Connor SL. Importance of diet in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:42–53
  33. Williams RR, Hamilton-Craig I, Costner GM, et al.  MED-PED (an integrated genetic strategy for preventing early deaths). In:  Berg K,  Boulyjenkov V,  Christen Y editor. Genetic approaches to noncommunicable diseases. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1996;p. 35–45
  34. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Schumacher MC, et al.  Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:171–176
  35. Austin MA, Zimmern RL, Humphries SE. High “population attributable fraction” for coronary heart disease mortality among relatives in monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia. Genet Med. 2002;4:275–278
  36. Gerdes LU, Gerdes C, Kervinen K, et al.  The apolipoprotein epsilon4 allele determines prognosis and the effect on prognosis of simvastatin in survivors of myocardial infarction (a substudy of the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study). Circulation. 2000;101:1366–1371
  37. Pedro-Botet J, Schaefer EJ, Bakker-Arkema RG, et al.  Apolipoprotein E genotype affects plasma lipid response to atorvastatin in a gender specific manner. Atherosclerosis. 2001;158:183–193
  38. Perez-Martinez P, Gomez P, Paz E, et al.  Interaction between smoking and the Sstl polymorphism of the apo C-III gene determines plasma lipid response to diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001;11:237–243
  39. Ordovas JM, Galluzzi JR. Genetic predictors of plasma lipid response to diet intervention. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 1999;1:196–203
  40. Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A, et al.  Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension (trials of hypertension prevention, phase II). Hypertension. 1998;32:393–401
  41. Hunt SC, Geleijnse JM, Wu LL, Witteman JCM, Williams RR, Grobbee DE. Enhanced blood pressure response to mild sodium reduction in subjects with the 235T variant of the angiotensinogen gene. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:460–466
  42. Svetkey LP, Moore TJ, Simons-Morton DG, et al.  Angiotensinogen genotype and blood pressure response in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1949–1956
  43. Hopkins PN, Williams RR, Hunt SC. Magnified risks from cigarette smoking for coronary prone families in Utah. West J Med. 1984;141:196–202
  44. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure . The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413–2446
  45. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Barlow GK, et al.  Health family trees (a tool for finding and helping young members of coronary and cancer prone pedigrees in Texas and Utah). Am J Public Health. 1988;78:1283–1286
  46. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group . Multiple risk factor intervention trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. JAMA. 1982;248:1465–1477
  47. Kottke TE, Daida H. Evaluating the effectiveness of dyslipidemia control strategies. Atherosclerosis. 1994;108(suppl):127–135
  48. Kottke TE, Gatewood LC, Park HA. Using serum cholesterol to identify high risk and stimulate behavior change (will it work?). Ann Med. 1989;21:181–187
  49. Goldman L, Weinstein MC, Goldman PA, Williams LW. Cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1991;265:1145–1151
  50. Strychar IM, Champagne F, Ghadirian P, Bonin A, Jenicek M, Lasater TM. Impact of receiving blood cholesterol test results on dietary change. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:103–110
  51. Rimer BK, Schildkraut JM, Lerman C, Lin TH, Audrain J. Participation in a women’s breast cancer risk counseling trial. Who participates? Who declines? High Risk Breast Cancer Consortium. Cancer. 1996;77:2348–2355
  52. Polley BA, Jakicic JM, Venditti EM, Barr S, Wing RR. The effects of health beliefs on weight loss in individuals at high risk for NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1533–1538
  53. Emery J, Rose P. Expanding the role of the family history in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 1999;49:260–261
  54. Swanson JR, Pearson TA. Screening family members at high risk for coronary disease. Why isn’t it done?. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:50–55
  55. Westman J, Hampel H, Bradley T. Efficacy of a touchscreen computer based family cancer history questionnaire and subsequent cancer risk assessment. J Med Genet. 2000;37:354–360

PII: S0749-3797(02)00586-X

doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00586-X

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 136-142 , February 2003