American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 25, Issue 4 , Pages 283-289 , November 2003

Exercise, body mass index, caloric intake, and cardiovascular mortality

  • Jing Fang, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Jing Fang, MD, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461, USA.
    • Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
    • ,
  • Judith Wylie-Rosett, EdD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
    • ,
  • Hillel W Cohen, DrPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
    • ,
  • Robert C Kaplan, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
    • ,
  • Michael H Alderman, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

References 

  1. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al.  Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273:402–407
  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta GA: USDHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996
  3. Masoro EJ. Caloric restriction and aging (an update). Exp Gerontol. 2000;35:299–305
  4. Ramsey JJ, Harper M, Weindruch R. Restriction of energy intake, energy expenditure, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;29:946–968
  5. Walford RL, Harris SB, Gunion MW. The calorically restricted low-fat nutrient dense diet in Biosphere 2 significantly lowers blood glucose, total leukocyte count, cholesterol and blood pressure in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;98:11533–11537
  6. Lapidus L, Andersson H, Bengtsson C, et al.  Dietary habits in relation to incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in women (a 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden). Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44:444–448
  7. McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K, Kagan A, Tillotson J. Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119:667–676
  8. Garcia-Palmieri MR, Sorlie P, Tillotson J, et al.  Relationship of dietary intake to subsequent coronary heart disease incidence (the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program). Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:1818–1827
  9. Gordon T, Kagan A, Garcia-Palmieri M, et al.  Diet and its relation to coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1981;63:500–515
  10. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and Operation of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1971–1973. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1. No. 10a. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 73-1310. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1973
  11. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and Operation of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1971–1973. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1. No. 10b. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 73-1310. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1973
  12. Cox CS, Mussolino ME, Rothwell ST, et al. Plan and operation of the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1992. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 1 1997;1(35)
  13. National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Clinical guidelines on identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity adults—the evidence report. Bethesda MD: National Institutes of Health, September 1998 (pub. no. 98-4083)
  14. National Center for Health Statistics, Cohen BB, Barbano HE, Cox CS, et al. Plan and operation of the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study, 1982–1984. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1, No 22. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 87-1324. Public Health Service. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1987
  15. Mcbaughlin JK, Dietz MS, Mehl ES, et al.  Reliability of surrogate information on cigarette smoking by type informant. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126:144–146
  16. Machlin SR, Kleinman JC, Madans JH. Validity of mortality analysis based on retrospective smoking information. Stat Med. 1989;8:997–1009
  17. Ford ES, DeStefano F. Risk factors for mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease among persons with diabetes. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;133:1220–1230
  18. Engel A, Murphy RS, Maurer K, et al. Plan and operation of the NHANES I Augmentation Survey of Adults 25–74 years, United States, 1974–1975. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics 1978:1(14)
  19. World Health Organization. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death, based on the recommendations of the ninth revision conference, 1975. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1977
  20. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (an epidemiological perspective). Sports Med. 2001;31:101–114
  21. Young DR, Sharp DS, Curb JD. Associations among baseline physical activity and subsequent cardiovascular risk factors. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1995;27:1646–1654
  22. Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, et al.  Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA. 2002;288:1994–2000
  23. Haskell WL, Leon AS, Caspersen CJ, et al. Cardiovascular benefits and assessment of physical activity and physical fitness in adults. Med Sci Sport Exerc 1991;24:201–20
  24. Heath GW, Gavin JR, Hinderliter JM, et al.  Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol. 1983;55:512–517
  25. Rauramaa R, Salonen JT, Seppanen K, et al.  Inhibition of platelet aggregabilityby moderate-intensity physical exercise (a randomized clinical trial in overweight men). Circulation. 1986;74:939–944
  26. Lakka TA, Salonen JT. Moderate to high intensity conditioning leisure time physical activity and high cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reduced plasma fibrinogen in eastern Finnish men. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;48:1119–1127
  27. Fung TT, Hu FB, Yu J, et al.  Leisure-time physical activity, television watching, and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:1171–1178
  28. Adachi H, Goetz FC, Jacobs DR, et al.  The role of obesity in the association of cardiovascular risk factors and glucose intolerance in small Japanese and North American communities. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;49:41–51
  29. Reeder B. Bouchard C. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Can J Cardiol. 1999;15(suppl G):69–72
  30. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al.  Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older US men. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:1117–1127
  31. Despres JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, et al.  Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10:497–511
  32. Weindruch R, Walford RL. The retardation of aging and disease by dietary restriction. Springfield IL: Thomas; 1998;
  33. Cefalu WT, Wagner JD, Wang ZQ, et al.  A study of caloric restriction in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (a potential model for aging research). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52:10–19
  34. Kagawa Y. Impact of westernization on the nutrients of Japanese (changes in physique, cancer, longevity and centenarians). Prev Med. 1978;7:205–227
  35. Neumark-Sztainer D, Jeffery RW, French SA. Self-reported dieting (how should we ask? What does it mean? Associations between dieting and reported energy intake). Int J Eat Disord. 1997;22:437–449
  36. Neuhouser ML, Miller DL, Kristal AR, et al.  Diet and exercise habits of patients with diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease or hypertension. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21:394–401
  37. Nelson KM, Reiber G, Boyko EJ. Diet and exercise among adults with type 2 diabetes (findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)). Diabet Care. 2002;25:1722–1728
  38. Tarasuk V, Beaton GH. The nature and individuality of within subject variation in energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:464–470
  39. Johnson RK, Goran MI, Poehlman ET. Correlates of over- and under- reporting of energy intake in health older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:1286–1290

PII: S0749-3797(03)00207-1

doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00207-1

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 25, Issue 4 , Pages 283-289 , November 2003

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution