American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 26, Issue 2 , Pages 167-177 , February 2004

The tobacco industry's political efforts to derail the EPA report on ETS

  • Monique E Muggli, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Independent Tobacco Control Consultant (Muggli), St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • ,
  • Richard D Hurt, MD

      Affiliations

    • Mayo Clinic, Nicotine Dependence Center (Hurt), Rochester, Minnesota USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Richard D. Hurt, MD, Mayo Clinic, Nicotine Dependence Center, 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester MN 55905, USA.
    • ,
  • James Repace, MSc

      Affiliations

    • (Repace), Baltimore, Maryland USA

References 

  1. U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare. Smoking and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Bethesda MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office on Smoking and Health, 1979. DHEW publication no. (DHS) 79-50066
  2. Hirayama T. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer (a study from Japan). BMJ. 1981;282:183–185
  3. Repace JL, Lowery AH. A quantitative estimate of nonsmokers' lung cancer risk from passive smoking. Environ Int. 1985;11:3–22
  4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Services, 1986. DHHS publication no. (CDC) 87-8398
  5. Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation. 1991;83:1–12
  6. Steenland K. Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease. JAMA. 1992;267:94–99
  7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders. Washington DC: Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, 1992. EPA/600/6-90/006F
  8. Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. BMJ. 1997;315:980–988
  9. National Cancer Institute. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: the report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 10. Bethesda MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1999. NIH Pub. No. 99-4645
  10. International Agency for Research on Cancer . Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking summary of data reported and evaluation, June 2002, Volume 83 http://monographs.iarc.fr/. 2003; Accessed January 1
  11. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences . Environmental tobacco smoke (measuring exposures and assessing health effects). Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1986;
  12. Bero L, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry response to a risk assessment of environmental tobacco smoke. Tob Control. 1993;2:103–113
  13. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking (also known as exposure to secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke–ETS). Washington DC: USEPA. EPA/600/6-90/006F, 01 Dec 1992
  14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Washington DC: EPA, (S1 FR 33992) 1986
  15. Barnes D, Bero L. Industry-funded research and conflict of interest (an analysis of research sponsored by the tobacco industry through the Center for Indoor Air Research). J Health Polit Policy Law. 1996;21:515–542
  16. Bero LA, Galbraith A, Rennie D. Sponsored symposia on environmental tobacco smoke. JAMA. 1994;271:612–617
  17. Barnes D, Bero L. Scientific quality on original research articles on environmental tobacco smoke. Tob Control. 1997;6:19–26
  18. Barnes D, Bero L. Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions. JAMA. 1998;279:1566–1570
  19. Barnes DE, Hanauer P, Slade J, Bero LA, Glantz SA. Environmental tobacco smoke. The Brown and Williamson documents. JAMA. 1995;274:248–253
  20. Muggli ME, Forster JL, Hurt RD, Repace JL. The smoke you don't see (uncovering tobacco industry scientific strategies aimed against environmental tobacco smoke). Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1419–1423
  21. Hirschhorn N, Bialous SA, Shatenstein S. Philip Morris' new scientific initiative (an analysis). Tob Control. 2001;10:247–252
  22. Ong EK, Glantz SA. Constructing “sound science” and “good epidemiology:” (tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms). Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1749–1757
  23. Samet JM, Burke TA. Turning science into junk (the tobacco industry and passive smoking). Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1742–1744
  24. Hirschhorn N, Bialous SA. Secondhand smoke and risk assessment (what was in it for the tobacco industry?). Tob Control. 2001;10:375–382
  25. Drope J, Chapman S. Tobacco industry efforts at discrediting scientific knowledge of environmental tobacco smoke (a review of internal industry documents). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55:588–594
  26. Muggli ME, Hurt RD, Blanke DD. Science for hire (a tobacco industry strategy to influence public opinion on secondhand smoke). Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2003;5:303–314
  27. Fields N, Chapman S. Chasing Ernst L Wynder (40 years of Philip Morris' efforts to influence a leading scientist). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:571–578
  28. The Tobacco Archives. Available at: http://www.tobaccoarchives.com. Accessed June 2000
  29. Tobacco Documents Online. Available at: http://www.tobaccodocuments.org. Accessed January 2003
  30. Tobacco Control Archives. Available at: http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco. Accessed January 2003
  31. Fuller CL, Linehan K. Presentation for the Board of Directors. June 24, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2047916000-6013 at 6011. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  32. Kessler D. A question of intent: a great American battle with a deadly industry. Public Affairs, NY. 2001
  33. Humber T. ETS. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023920074-0089 at 0083. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  34. Purcell CC. EPA. April 7, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023590302-0319 at 0306. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  35. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Hauserman M. April 14, 1983. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 1003478383. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  36. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. June 6, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089708-9710. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  37. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. June 24, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089854-9855. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  38. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. December 22, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2047231347-1350. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  39. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. May 17, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089705-9707. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  40. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. September 18, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089711-9712. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  41. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. November 1, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 20260889713-9717. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  42. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. November 23,1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089718. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  43. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. January 30, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089718. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  44. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. May 9, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023497093. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  45. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. December 16, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089719-9732. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  46. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. April 2, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089883-9897. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  47. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. June 10, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2022852181-2182. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  48. Goold J. Fax from Goold J to Parrish S, Thomas K, Ward M. September 14, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026090323. Available at: http://www.pmdocs.com
  49. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry success in preventing regulation of secondhand smoke in Latin America (the “Latin Project”). Tob Control. 2002;11:305–314
  50. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Lippmann M. May 29, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089733-9739. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  51. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Blot WJ. May 29, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089740-9744. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  52. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. November 23, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089716-9717 at 9717. Available at: http://www.pmdocs.com
  53. Kilpatrick J. Invoice. January 8, 1993. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2024329033-9034. Available at: http://www.pmdocs.com
  54. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. December 16, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089719-9732 at 9727. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  55. Tobacco Institute. Here's what's now being said about tobacco smoke in the air. August 10, 1981. U.S. Tobacco Institute. TIMN0162316. Available at: http://www.tobaccoinstitute.com
  56. Bliley TJ. Letter from Bliley TJ to Reilly W. April 2, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026089883-9897 at 9893. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  57. NIOSH. Current Intelligence Bulletin 54. Environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace. Lung cancer and other health effects. Bethesda MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1991
  58. Clucas R. 911200 Statement 027. December 23, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023856353-6357
  59. Gori G. Invoice for consulting services. July 2, 1993. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates. No. 2024329114-9115
  60. Stuntz S. Budget. June 22, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026092045-2047
  61. Schlagenhauf J. No title. July 30, 1991. Lorillard Tobacco Company. Bates No. 87207987-7991 at 7986. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  62. Marshall E. Tobacco science wars. Science. 1987;236:250–251
  63. Rupp JP. Letter from Rupp J to Schlagenhauf J. July 11, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026090062-0068 at 0062. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  64. Schlagenhauf J. No title. July 30, 1991. Lorillard Tobacco Company. Bates No. 87207987-7991 at 7987. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  65. Schlagenhauf J. No title. July 30, 1991. Lorillard Tobacco Company. Bates No. 87207987-7991 at 7990. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  66. Dingell JD, Bliley TJ. Letter to Martin, JC. September 8, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026090182-0183. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  67. Philip Morris. USA weekly posting ending September 18, 1992. Highlights. September 22, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2055655029-5034 at 5033. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  68. Smoking Policy Institute. February 18, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026168802. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  69. Boland JE. Executive order. August 5, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2022852158-2160 at 2159. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  70. Dingell JD. Letter from Dingell JD to Reilly WK. April 15, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023605870-5879 at 5873. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  71. Schlagenhauf J. Final draft. May 8, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2026091097
  72. Fuller CL, Linehan K. Presentation of the Board of Directors. June 24, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2047916000-6013 at 6012. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  73. Borelli T. Executive order/NAM meeting. June 29, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2021520122. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  74. Fuller CL. ETS update. June 12, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2022852176. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  75. Budget 1993 (annual). Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023585327. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  76. Auchter T. Fax from Auchter T to Parrish S. June 25, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2022852169-2172 at 2170. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  77. Auchter T. Fax from Auchter T to Parrish S. June 25, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2022852169-2172 at 2171. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  78. New project. April 1994. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2046662829-2837 at 2834. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  79. New project. April 1994. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2046662829-2837 at 2833. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  80. Bureau of National Affairs Inc. White House puts risk assessment order on hold, citing election-year conflicts. Washington DC: BNA. 146 DER A-43, 7/29/92
  81. Boland JE. Executive order. August 5, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2022852158-2160 at 2158. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  82. Purcell CC. EPA. April 7, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023590302-0319 at 0308. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  83. Purcell CC. EPA. April 7, 1992. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023590302-0319 at 0307. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  84. Appendix of major issues facing Philip Morris. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023200146-0149 at 0147-0148. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  85. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, 1926 and 1928 Indoor air quality, proposed rule. Fed Reg 59(65), Tues, April 5, 1994, 15968-16039
  86. ASH Smoking and Health Review. ASH undercut by OSHA; fights worldwide. Vol XXXII, Number 1, Jan-Feb 2002
  87. Humber T. ETS. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023920074-0089 at 0082. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  88. Parrish S. Environmental tobacco smoke. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2021183691-3692 at 3691. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  89. Wynder EL. Letter from Wynder EL to EPA. September 26, 1990. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2023372474. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  90. Osdene TS. Support of an epidemiologist at AHF. September 24, 1980. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 1003710155. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  91. Osdene TS. Letter from Osdene TS to Wynder E. October 10, 1988. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2021630829. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  92. Osdene TS. Letter from Osdene TS to Seligman RB. April 13, 1981. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 1000129531. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  93. McVicker RG. Letter from McVicker RG to Wynder E. May 3, 1991. Philip Morris Incorporated. Bates No. 2046988682. Minneapolis: Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository
  94. Ong EK, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study. Lancet. 2000;355:1253–1259
  95. Yach D, Bialous SA. Junking science to promote tobacco. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1745–1748
  96. Associated Press. Judge's past work as a tobacco lobbyist questioned Asheville Citizen-Times August 20, 1995
  97. Flue-cured tobacco coop. Stabilization Corp v United States EPA, 313 F3d 852 (4th Cir), (2002)
  98. Tobacco company strategies to undermine tobacco control activities at the World Health Organization: report of the committee of experts on tobacco industry documents. July 2000. Available at: http://www.tobacco.who.int/repository/stp58/who_inquiry
  99. Malone RE, Balbach ED. Tobacco industry documents (treasure trove or quagmire?). Tob Control. 2000;9:334–338
  100. Liberman J. The shredding of BAT's defense (McCabe v British American Tobacco, Australia). Tob Control. 2002;11:271–274

PII: S0749-3797(03)00325-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2003.10.015

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 26, Issue 2 , Pages 167-177 , February 2004

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution