American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 28, Issue 2, Supplement 2 , Pages 134-140 , February 2005

Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School legislation: Urban form changes and children’s active transportation to school

  • Marlon G. Boarnet, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Planning, Policy, and Design, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
    • Department of Economics, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Marlon G. Boarnet, Department of Planning, Policy, and Design; University of California–Irvine, Irvine CA 92697-7075.
    • ,
  • Craig L. Anderson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Health Policy Research, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California
    • ,
  • Kristen Day, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Planning, Policy, and Design, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
    • ,
  • Tracy McMillan, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Graduate Program in Community and Regional Planning, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, Texas
    • ,
  • Mariela Alfonzo, MURP

      Affiliations

    • Department of Planning, Policy, and Design, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

References 

  1. Appleyard B . Planning safe routes to school . Planning . 2003;69:34–37
  2. Transportation Alternatives. The 2002 summary of safe routes to school programs in the United States. New York: Transportation Alternatives, 2002.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Barriers to walking and biking to school–United States, 1999 . JAMA . 2002;288:1343–1344
  4. Transportation Research Board. The relative risks of school travel: a nationwide perspective and guidance for local community risk assessment. Special Report 269, 2002. Available at: http://gulliver.trb.org/publications/sr/sr269.pdf. Accessed June, 2004.
  5. Tudor-Locke C , Ainsworth BE , Popkin BM . Active commuting to school (an overlooked source of children’s physical activity?) . Sports Med . 2001;31:309–313
  6. U.S. Department of Transportation. Reauthorization of TEA-21, 2004. Available at: www.fhwa.dot.gov/reauthorization/safetea.htm. Accessed June 24, 2004.
  7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Travel and environmental implications of school siting. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003. Available at: www.epa.gov/livability/pdf/school_travel.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2004.
  8. California Department of Transportation. Safe Routes to School Local programs procedures, 2000. Available at: www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LocalPrograms/lpp/LPP00-01.pdf. Accessed September 19, 2002.
  9. Texas Department of Transportation. Safe Routes to School program, 2004. Available at: www.dot.state.tx.us/trafficsafety/srs/default.htm. Accessed May 28, 2004.
  10. Cooper AR , Page AS , Foster LJ , Qahwaji D . Commuting to school (are children who walk more physically active?) . Am J Prev Med . 2003;25:273–276
  11. Tudor-Locke C , Ainsworth BE , Adair LS , Popkin BM . Objective physical activity of Filipino youth stratified for commuting mode to school . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2003;35:465–471
  12. Dale D , Corbin CB , Dale KS . Restricting opportunities to be active during school time (do children compensate by increasing physical activity levels after school?) . Res Q Exerc Sport . 2000;71:240–248
  13. Killingsworth R, Lamming J. Development and public health: could our development patterns be affecting our personal health? Urban Land, July 2001, pp. 12–17.
  14. Browson RC , Baker EA , Housemann RA , Brennan LK , Bacak SJ . Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States . Am J Public Health . 2001;91:1995–2003
  15. Ewing R , Schmid T , Killingsworth R , Zlot A , Raudenbush S . Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity . Am J Health Promotion . 2003;18:47–57
  16. Greenwald M , Boarnet MG . The built environment as a determinant of walking behavior (analyzing nonwork pedestrian travel in Portland, Oregon) . Transportation Res Rec . 2001;1780:33–42
  17. Handy SL , Clifton K . Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel . Transportation . 2001;28:317–346
  18. Saelens BE , Sallis JF , Frank LD . Environmental correlates of walking and cycling (findings from the transportation and urban design and planning literatures) . Ann Behav Med . 2003;25:80–91
  19. McMillan TE. Walking and urban form: modeling and testing parental decisions about children’s travel. PhD thesis. University of California-Irvine, 2003.
  20. Staunton CE , Hubsmith D , Kallins W . Promoting safe walking and biking to school (the Marin County success story) . Am J Public Health . 2003;93:1431–1434
  21. Boarnet MG , Anderson C , Day K , McMillan TE , Alfonzo M . Safe routes to school, vols. 1 and 2 . Sacramento: California Department of Transportation; 2003;
  22. Boarnet MG, Day K, Anderson C, McMillan TE, Alfonzo M. Can street and sidewalk improvements enhance walking and bicycling to school? Evaluating California’s Safe Routes to School Program. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2005, forthcoming.
  23. U.S. Census Bureau. American Factfinder, 2000 Census. Available at: factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFfacts?_sse=on. Accessed February 2004.
  24. Education Data Partnership. School reports, 2003. Available at: www.ed-data.k12.ca.us. Accessed February 2004.
  25. Cook TD , Campbell DT . Quasi-experimentation (design and analysis issues for field settings) . Boston: Houghton-Mifflin; 1979;

PII: S0749-3797(04)00306-X

doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.026

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 28, Issue 2, Supplement 2 , Pages 134-140 , February 2005

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