American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 163-170 , October 2005

Which Comes First in Adolescence—Sex and Drugs or Depression?

  • Denise D. Hallfors, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Denise D. Hallfors, PhD, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1516 E. Franklin Street, Suite 200, Chapel Hill NC 27514-2812
    • ,
  • Martha W. Waller, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • ,
  • Daniel Bauer, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • ,
  • Carol A. Ford, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
    • ,
  • Carolyn T. Halpern, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Maternal & Child Health, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2003 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2004;53
  2. Jessor R , Jessor SL . The sociol-psychological framework . In:  Jessor R ,  Jessor SL editor. Problem behavior and psychosocial development (a longitudinal study of youth) . New York: Academic Press; 1977;p. 17–42
  3. Biglan A , Cody C . Preventing multiple problem behaviors in adolescence . In:  Romer D editors. Reducing adolescent risk . Thousand Oaks CA: Sage; 2003;p. 125–131
  4. Hallfors DD , Waller MW , Ford CA , Halpern CT , Brodish PH , Iritani B . Adolescent depression and suicide risk (association with sex and drug behavior) . Am J Prev Med . 2004;27:224–231
  5. Kessler RC , Price RH . Primary prevention of secondary disorders (a proposal and agenda) . Am J Community Psychol . 1993;21:607–633
  6. Goodman E , Capitman J . Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens . Pediatrics . 2000;106:748–755
  7. Brook DW , Brook JS , Zhang C , Cohen P , Whiteman M . Drug use and the risk of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and substance use disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 2002;59:1039–1044
  8. Khantzian EJ . The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders (focus on heroin and cocaine dependence) . Am J Psychiatry . 1985;142:1259–1264
  9. Kessler RC , Nelson CB , McGonagle KA , Edlund MJ , Frank RG , Leaf PJ . The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders (implications for prevention and service utilization) . Am J Orthopsychiatry . 1996;66:17–31
  10. Henry B , Feehan M , McGee R , Stanton W , Moffitt TE , Silva P . The importance of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in predicting adolescent substance use . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1993;21:469–480
  11. Rohde P , Lewinsohn PM , Seeley JR . Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35:101–109
  12. Costello EJ , Erkanli A , Federman E , Angold A . Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents (effects of timing and sex) . J Clin Child Psychol . 1999;28:298–311
  13. Rao U , Daley SE , Hammen C . Relationship between depression and substance use disorders in adolescent women during the transition to adulthood . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2000;39:215–222
  14. Joyner K , Udry JR . You don’t bring me anything but down (adolescent romance and depression) . J Health Soc Behav . 2000;41:369–391
  15. Shrier LA , Harris SK , Beardslee WR . Temporal associations between depressive symptoms and self-reported sexually transmitted disease among adolescents . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2002;156:599–606
  16. Graber JA , Lewinsohn PM , Seeley JR , Brooks-Gunn J . Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1997;36:1768–1776
  17. Halpern CT , Kaestle CE , Hallfors D . Perceived physical maturity, age of romantic partner, and STI/HIV risk behavior among adolescents . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2004;
  18. Stattin H , Magnusson D . Pubertal maturation in female development . Hillsdale NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1990;
  19. Harris K . The health status and risk behavior of adolescents in immigrant families . In:  Hernandez DJ editors. Children of immigrants (health, adjustments, and public assistance) . Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1999;p. 286–347
  20. Radloff L . The CES-D Scale (a self-report depression scale for research in the general population) . Appl Psychol Measurement . 1977;1:385–401
  21. Garrison C , Addy C , Jackson K , McKeown R , Waller J . The CES-D as a screen for depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1991;30:636–641
  22. Roberts R , Lewinshon P , Seely J . Screening for adolescent depression (a comparison of depression scales) . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1991;30:58–66
  23. Bergman L . A pattern-oriented approach to studying individual development (snapshots and processes) . In:  Cairns R ,  Berman L ,  Kagan J editor. Methods and models for studying the individual . Thousand Oaks CA: Sage; 1998;p. 83–121
  24. Magnusson D . The logic and implications of a person-oriented approach . In:  Cairns R ,  Bergman L ,  Kagan J editor. Methods and models for studying the individual . Thousand Oaks CA: Sage; 1998;p. 3–64
  25. Halpern CT , Hallfors DD , Bauer D , Iritani B , Waller MW , Cho H . Implications of racial and gender differences in patterns of adolescent risk behavior for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases . Perspec Sex Reprod Health . 2004;36:239–247
  26. Birmaher B , Ryan N , Williamson D , Brent D , Kaufman J . Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part II . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1996;35:1575–1583
  27. Lewinsohn P , Rohde P , Seeley J . Major depressive disorder in older adolescents (prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications) . Clin Psychol Rev . 1998;18:765–794
  28. Monroe SM , Rohde P , Seeley JR , Lewinsohn PM . Life events and depression in adolescence (relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for first onset of major depressive disorder) . J Abnorm Psychol . 1999;108:606–614
  29. Dube SR , Felitti VJ , Dong M , Giles WH , Anda RF . The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems (evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900) . Prev Med . 2003;37:268–277
  30. Angold A , Costello EJ , Erkanli A , Worthman CM . Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls . Psychol Med . 1999;29:1043–1053
  31. Silberg J , Pickles A , Rutter M , et al.   The influence of genetic factors and life stress on depression among adolescent girls . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1999;56:225–232
  32. Costello EJ , Pine DS , Hammen C , et al.   Development and natural history of mood disorders . Biol Psychiatry . 2002;52:529–542
  33. Graber JA , Seeley JR , Brooks-Gunn J , Lewinsohn PM . Is pubertal timing associated with psychopathology in young adulthood? . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2004;43:718–726
  34. Rudolph KD . Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence . J Adolesc Health . 2002;30:3–13
  35. Ge X , Lorenz FO , Conger RD , et al.   Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive syndromes during adolescence . Dev Psychol . 1994;30:467–483
  36. Moffitt TE . Adolescence-limited and life-course–persistent antisocial behavior (a developmental taxonomy) . Psychol Rev . 1993;100:674–701
  37. Steinberg L, Dahl RE, Keating K, Kupfer DJ, Masten AS, Pine DS. The study of developmental psychopathology in adolescence: integrating affective neuroscience with the study of context. In: Ciccheti D, ed. Handbook of developmental psychopathology. New York: John Wiley & Sons (in press).
  38. Elster AB . Comparison of recommendations for adolescent clinical preventive services developed by national organizations . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 1998;152:193–198
  39. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . Screening for depression . Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Research and Quality; 2002;

 The full text of this article is available via AJPM Online at www.ajpm_online.net.

PII: S0749-3797(05)00213-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.002

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 163-170 , October 2005

Article Tools