American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 202-209 , March 2007

Text and Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Packages: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Study

  • David Hammond, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Studies & Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: David Hammond, Department of Health Studies & Gerontology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
    • ,
  • Geoffrey T. Fong, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
    • ,
  • Ron Borland, PhD

      Affiliations

    • The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
    • ,
  • K. Michael Cummings, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
    • ,
  • Ann McNeill, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, London, UK
    • ,
  • Pete Driezen, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Studies & Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario

References 

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  4. Fischer PM, Richards EJB, Krugman DM. Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements. JAMA. 1989;261:84–89
  5. Crawford MA, Balch GI, Mermelstein R Tobacco Control Network Writing Group. Responses to tobacco control policies among youth. Tob Control. 2002;11:14–19
  6. Borland R. Tobacco health warnings and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours. Addiction. 1997;92:1427–1435
  7. Willemsen MC. The new EU cigarette health warnings benefit smokers who want to quit the habit: results from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15:389–392
  8. Tandemar Research P. f. H. C. Cigarette packaging study: the evaluation of new health warning messages. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1996 (report TR#663022).
  9. Borland R, Hill D. Initial impact of the new Australian tobacco health warnings on knowledge and beliefs. Tob Control. 1997;6:317–325
  10. Hammond D, Fong GT, Borland R, McNeill A, Cummings KM, Hastings G. Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tob Control. 2006;15(suppl III):iii19–iii25
  11. Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Cameron R, Brown KS. The impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smokers. Tob Control. 2003;12:391–395
  12. Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Brown KS, Cameron R. Graphic cigarette package warning labels do not lead to adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1442–1445
  13. O’Hegarty M, Pederson L, Nelson D, Mowery P, Gable J, Wortley P. Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:467–473
  14. Koval J, Aubur J, Pederson L, O’Hegarty M, Chan S. The potential effectiveness of warning labels on cigarette packages: the perceptions of young adult Canadians. Can J Public Health. 2005;96:353–356
  15. Henderson B. Wear out: an empirical investigation of advertising wear-in and wear-out. J Advert Res. 2000;6:95–100
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  17. Health Canada. Health Warning Testing: Final Report. Ottawa: Health Canada; 1999;Prepared by Environics Research Group
  18. Strahan EJ, White K, Fong GT, Fabrigar LR, Zanna MP, Cameron R. Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective. Tob Control. 2002;11:183–190(review)
  19. Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Official Journal of the European Communities, 18.7.2001. Available at: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2001/l_194/l_19420010718en00260034.pdf.
  20. Binson D, Canchola JA, Catania JA. Random selection in a national telephone survey: a comparison of the Kish, next-birthday, and last-birthday methods. J Off Stat. 2000;16:53–60
  21. Singer E, van Hoewyk J, Maher MP. Experiments with incentives in telephone surveys. Public Opin Q. 2000;64:171–188
  22. Thompson ME, Fong GT, Hammond D, et al. The methodology of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (Four-Country) Survey (ITCPES). Tob Control. 2006;15(suppl III):iii12–iii18
  23. Heatherton TF, Koslowski LT, Frecker RC, Rickert WS, Robinson J. Measuring the heaviness of smoking using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Br J Addict. 1989;84:791–800
  24. Health Canada. The Health Effects of Tobacco and Health Warning Messages on Cigarette Packages—Survey of Adults and Adult Smokers: Wave 9 Surveys. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2005;Prepared by Environics Research Group. January
  25. Commonwealth of Australia. Developmental Research for New Australian Health Warnings on Tobacco Products. Population Health Division, Department of Health and Ageing; 2003;Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/Internet/wcms/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-drugs-tobacco-warnings.htm
  26. Willemsen MC, Simons C, Zeeman G. Impact of the new EU health warnings on the Dutch quit line. Tob Control. 2002;11:382
  27. Department of Health (UK). Consultation on the introduction of picture warnings on tobacco packs. 2006;May. Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/13/54/96/04135496.pdf

PII: S0749-3797(06)00529-0

doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.011

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 202-209 , March 2007

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