American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 2 , Pages 145-151 , August 2008

Mandates for Adolescent Immunizations: Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee

  • National Vaccine Advisory Committee

      Affiliations

    • The authors and NVAC members are listed at the end of this article.

References 

  1. Orenstein WA, Hinman AR. The immunization system in the United States: the role of school immunization laws. Vaccine. 1999;17(3S):S19–S24
  2. Hinman AR, Orenstein WA, Williamson DE, Darrington D. Childhood immunization: laws that work. J Law Med Ethics. 2002;30(S3):122–127
  3. Colgrove J. The ethics and politics of compulsory HPV vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2389–2391
  4. National Vaccine Advisory Committee. The promise and challenge of adolescent immunization. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:152–157
  5. CDC. Immunization of adolescents: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American Medical Association. MMWR. 1996;45(No. RR-13):1–16
  6. CDC. Measles Prevention: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR. 1989;38(S9):1–18
  7. CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR. 1991;40(RR-13):1–19
  8. CDC. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1996;45(No. RR-11):1–36
  9. CDC. Recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0–18 years—United States, 2007. MMWR. 2007;55:Q1–Q4
  10. CDC. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2006;55(No. RR-3):1–43
  11. CDC. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2005;54(No. RR-7):1–21
  12. CDC. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations of the ACIP. MMWR. 2007;56(No. RR-2):1–24
  13. CDC. Notice to readers: revised recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to vaccinate all persons aged 11–18 years with meningococcal conjugate vaccine. MMWR. 2007;56:794–795
  14. Middaugh JP, Zyla LD. Enforcement of school immunization law in Alaska. JAMA. 1978;239:2128–2130
  15. Averhoff F, Linton L, Peddecord KM, Edwards C, Wang W, Fishbein D. A middle school immunization law rapidly and substantially increases immunization coverage among adolescents. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:978–984
  16. Jacobs RJ, Meyerhoff AS. Effect of middle school entry requirements on hepatitis B vaccination coverage. J Adolesc Health. 2004;34:420–423
  17. Fogarty KJ, Massoudi MS, Gallo W, Averhoff FM, Yusuf H, Fishbein D. Vaccine coverage levels after implementation of a middle school vaccination requirement, Florida, 1997–2000. Public Health Rep. 2004;119:163–169
  18. Wilson TR, Fishbein DB, Ellis PA, Edlavitch SA. The impact of a school entry law on adolescent immunization rates. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:511–516
  19. Olshen E, Mahon BE, Wang S, Woods ER. The impact of state policies on vaccine coverage by age 13 in an insured population. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40:405–411
  20. CDC. Vaccine-preventable diseases: Improving vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults: a report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR. 1999;48(No. RR-8):1–15
  21. National Conference of State Legislatures. HPV vaccine legislation. Available at: www.ncsl.org/programs/health/HPVvaccine.htm#hpvlegis.
  22. Lee GM, Santoli JM, Hannan C, et al. Gaps in vaccine financing for underinsured children in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:638–643
  23. USDHHS, National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Newly approved vaccines and financing. 2005;Available at: www.hhs.gov/nvpo/nvac/nov05.html
  24. CDC. Notice to readers: limited supply of meningococcal conjugate vaccine, recommendation to defer vaccination of persons aged 11–12 years. MMWR. 2006;55:567–568
  25. Stokley S, Santoli JM, Willis B, Kelley V, Vargas-Rosales A, Rodewald LE. Impact of vaccine shortages on immunization programs and providers. Am J Prev Med. 2004;26:15–21
  26. Chen RT. Vaccine risks: real, perceived, and unknown. Vaccine. 1999;17(S3):S41–S46
  27. Jacobson RM, Adegbenro A, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Adverse events and vaccination–the lack of power and predictability of infrequent events in pre-licensure study. Vaccine. 2001;19:2428–2433
  28. Spier RE. Ethical aspects of the methods used to evaluate the safety of vaccines. Vaccine. 2004;22:2085–2090
  29. Tozzi AE. Field evaluation of vaccine safety. Vaccine. 2004;22:2091–2095
  30. Ellenberg SS. Evaluating the safety of combination vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(S4):S319–S322
  31. CDC. Withdrawal of rotavirus vaccine recommendation. MMWR. 1999;48:1007
  32. Hviid A. Postlicensure epidemiology of childhood vaccination: the Danish experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2006;5:641–649
  33. Kahn JA, Rosenthal SL, Hamann T, Bernstein TI. Attitudes about human papillomavirus vaccine in young women. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14:300–306
  34. Mays RM, Sturm LA, Zimet GD. Parental perspectives on vaccinating children against sexually transmitted infections. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1407–1413
  35. Boehner CW, Howe SR, Bernstein DI, Rosenthal SL. Viral sexually transmitted disease vaccine acceptability among college students. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:774–778
  36. Kahn JA, Zimet GD, Bernstein DI, et al. Pediatricians' intention to administer human papillomavirus vaccine: the role of practice characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:502–510
  37. Zimet GD. Improving adolescent health: focus on HPV vaccine acceptance. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37(S1):S17–S23
  38. CDC. Measles—United States, 2005. MMWR. 2006;55:1348–1351
  39. CDC. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: Immunization of adults. MMWR. 2006;55(RR16):1–25
  40. Rand CM, Shone LP, Albertin C, Auinger P, Klein JD, Szilagyi PG. National health care visit patterns of adolescents: implications for delivery of new adolescent vaccines. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:252–259
  41. Omer S, Pan WK, Halsey NA, et al. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. JAMA. 2006;296:1757–1763
  42. Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE. Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA. 2000;284:3145–3150
  43. Salmon DA, Haber M, Gangarosa EJ, Phillips L, Smith NJ, Chen RT. Health consequences of religious and philosophical exemptions from immunization laws: individual and societal risk of measles. JAMA. 1999;282:47–53
  44. Rota JS, Salmon DA, Rodewald LE, Chen RT, Hibbs BF, Gangarosa EJ. Processes for obtaining nonmedical exemptions to state immunization laws. Am J Pub Health. 2001;91:645–648
  45. Salmon DA, Sapsin JW, Teret S, et al. Public health and the politics of school immunization requirements. Am J Pub Health. 2005;95:778–783
  46. Association of Immunization Managers (AIM). Position statement on school and child care immunization requirements. 2006;Available at: www.immunizationmanagers.org/pdfs/SchoolrequirementsFINAL.pdf
  47. Washington State Board of Health Immunization Advisory Committee. Criteria for reviewing antigens for potential inclusion in WAC 246-100-166. 2006;Available at: www.sboh.wa.gov/Goals/HealthyBehaviors/documents/IACFinalRecommendations_2006-06-14.pdf

 Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Gary L. Freed, MD, MPH, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, 6E08, Ann Arbor MI 48109-0456. E-mail: gfreed@med.umich.edu.

PII: S0749-3797(08)00379-6

doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.03.033

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 2 , Pages 145-151 , August 2008