American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 5 , Pages 428-432 , November 2009

Urban Sprawl and Delayed Ambulance Arrival in the U.S.

  • Matthew J. Trowbridge, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
    • Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia School of Engineering, Charlottesville, Virginia
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Matthew J. Trowbridge, MD, MPH, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800699, Charlottesville VA 22908-0699
    • ,
  • Matthew J. Gurka, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
    • ,
  • Robert E. O'Connor, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia

References 

  1. Frumkin H, Frank L, Jackson R. Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and building for healthy communities. Washington DC: Island Press; 2004;
  2. Trowbridge MJ, McDonald NC. Urban sprawl and miles driven daily by teenagers in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(3):202–206
  3. Ewing R, Pendall R, Chen D. Measuring sprawl and its transportation impacts. Travel Demand Land Use. 2003;1831:175–183
  4. Ewing R, Schieber RA, Zegeer CV. Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(9):1541–1545
  5. Myers JB, Slovis CM, Eckstein M, et al. Evidence-based performance measures for emergency medical services systems: a model for expanded EMS benchmarking. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(2):141–151
  6. National Center for Statistics and Analysis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS); www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/.
  7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2007 FARS coding and validation manual. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 2007;
  8. Ewing R, Brownson RC, Berrigan D. Relationship between urban sprawl and weight of United States youth. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31(6):464–474
  9. Bailey ED, Sweeney T. Considerations in establishing emergency medical services response time goals. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7(3):397–399
  10. American Ambulance Association. Contracting for emergency ambulances services (A guide to effective system design). Sacramento CA: American Ambulance Association; 1994;
  11. Desai M, Begg MD. A comparison of regression approaches for analyzing clustered data. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(8):1425–1429
  12. Vukmir R. The influence of urban, suburban, or rural locale on survival from refractory prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2004;22(2):90–93
  13. Lerner EB, Billittier AJ, Sikora J, Moscati R. Use of a geographic information system to determine appropriate means of trauma patient transport. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:1127–1133
  14. Peleg K, Pliskin JS. A geographic information system simulation model of EMS: reducing ambulance response time. Am J Emerg Med. 2004;22:164–170
  15. Millard WB. Suburban sprawl: where does emergency medicine fit on the map?. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(1):71–74
  16. Svenson JE. Patterns of use of emergency medical transport: a population-based study. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18(2):130–134
  17. Katz B, Bradley J. The suburban challenge. Newsweek 2009, Jan 26. Available from URL: http://www.newsweek.com/id/180028.
  18. Lambert TE, Meyer PB. Ex-urban sprawl as a factor in traffic fatalities and EMS response times in the Southeastern United States. J Econ Issues. 2006;XL:941–953
  19. Lambert TE, Meyer PB. New and fringe residential development and emergency medical services response times in the United States. State Local Govert Rev. 2008;40(2):115–124
  20. Weiss E. In Va., vision of suburbia at a crossroads: targeting cul-de-sacs, rules now require through streets in new subdivisions. Washington Post 2009, Mar 22:A01.
  21. General Assembly of Virginia. Requirements for taking new streets into state secondary highway system. Virginia Acts of Assembly, 2007;Chap. 382(Sect. 33.1–70.3).

PII: S0749-3797(09)00489-9

doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.016

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 5 , Pages 428-432 , November 2009

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