Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Introduction
Methods
where i is the analyzed exposure (i=1 refers to exposure to >3–7 hours/day of sitting, and i=2 refers to exposure to >7 hours/day of sitting); Pi is the prevalence of exposure among individuals who died; and RRi is the relative risk for all-cause mortality adjusted for confounding variables. This equation has been recommended in situations where confounding exists and adjusted RRs must be used.
STEPS country reports. www.who.int/chp/steps/reports/en/. Accessed April 23, 2014.
Australian Health Survey: physical activity, 2011-12. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4364.0.55.004Chapter4002011-12. Accessed November 25, 2014.
Counterfactual Scenarios
- 1.theoretical minimum risk: this scenario consists of eliminating the risk factor. For this purpose, the proportion of deaths that would be avoided if the whole population spent <4 hours/day sitting was estimated.
- 2.plausible minimum risk: plausible scenarios for public health purposes, in which population mean sitting time was reduced in absolute (0.5, 1, and 2 hours/day) and relative terms (10%, 25%, and 50%).
Calculation of Population-Attributable Fraction and Gains in Life Expectancy
WHO. Life tables for WHO member states. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.687?lang=en. Accessed September 25, 2012.
Global Health Observatory: life tables. www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/life_tables/en/. Accessed April 23, 2014.
Global Health Observatory data repository: data tables by country. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country. Accessed April 23, 2014.
Results

Regions and countries | GLE (95% CI) | Deaths (×1,000) |
---|---|---|
All countries | ||
Total | 433.4 | |
Weighted mean | 0.23 | |
Median | 0.29 | |
America | ||
Argentina | 0.36 (0.24, 0.47) | 13.0 |
Brazil | 0.20 (0.12, 0.27) | 23.9 |
British Virgin Islands | — | — |
Canada | 0.28 (0.20, 0.36) | 11.9 |
Colombia | 0.30 (0.22, 0.37) | 6.5 |
Mexico | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 2.9 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | — |
U.S. | 0.13 (0.00, 0.33) | 106.2 |
Total | 163.53 | |
Weighted mean | 0.17 | |
Median | 0.20 | |
Western Pacific | ||
Australia | 0.35 (0.26, 0.45) | 9.6 |
Cambodia | 0.30 (0.22, 0.38) | 1.9 |
Cook Islands | 0.34 (0.26, 0.42) | — |
Kiribati | 0.14 (0.08, 0.21) | 0.0 |
Malaysia | 0.48 (0.37, 0.59) | 7.0 |
Micronesia (Chuuk) | 0.26 (0.19, 0.33) | 0.0 |
Tonga | 0.24 (0.18, 0.31) | 0.0 |
Vanuatu | 0.15 (0.11, 0.19) | 0.0 |
Total | 18.7 | |
Weighted mean | 0.40 | |
Median | 0.28 | |
Southeast Asia | ||
Bhutan | 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) | 0.0 |
Myanmar | 0.10 (0.08, 0.12) | 4.0 |
Nepal | 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) | 3.5 |
Total | 7.6 | |
Weighted mean | 0.15 | |
Median | 0.14 | |
Eastern Mediterranean | ||
Iran | 0.20 (0.15, 0.25) | 7.9 |
Lebanon | 0.71 (0.55, 0.88) | 2.0 |
Oman | 0.15 (0.09, 0.21) | 0.1 |
Saudi Arabia | 0.22 (0.17, 0.27) | 1.8 |
Total | 11.8 | |
Weighted mean | 0.22 | |
Median | 0.21 | |
Europe | ||
Austria | 0.26 (0.17, 0.36) | 3.3 |
Belgium | 0.35 (0.24, 0.45) | 6.0 |
Bulgaria | 0.30 (0.17, 0.43) | 4.2 |
Croatia | 0.34 (0.23, 0.45) | 2.3 |
Cyprus (Republic) | 0.31 (0.22, 0.41) | 0.3 |
Czech Republic | 0.48 (0.34, 0.62) | 6.9 |
Denmark | 0.47 (0.33, 0.61) | 3.8 |
Estonia | 0.84 (0.56, 1.12) | 0.8 |
Finland | 0.30 (0.18, 0.43) | 2.4 |
France | 0.23 (0.15, 0.31) | 21.0 |
Georgia | 0.20 (0.14, 0.25) | 1.2 |
Germany | 0.30 (0.21, 0.39) | 40.8 |
Great Britain | 0.31 (0.21, 0.41) | 29.6 |
Greece | 0.39 (0.27, 0.52) | 8.1 |
Hungary | 0.29 (0.18, 0.40) | 4.3 |
Ireland | 0.20 (0.15, 0.25) | 1.0 |
Italy | 0.18 (0.11, 0.25) | 19.9 |
Latvia | 0.31 (0.20, 0.42) | 1.0 |
Lithuania | 0.30 (0.20, 0.41) | 1.3 |
Luxembourg | 0.30 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.2 |
Malta | 0.15 (0.08, 0.21) | 0.1 |
Netherlands | 0.45 (0.33, 0.57) | 10.4 |
Northern Ireland | 0.26 (0.16, 0.37) | — |
Poland | 0.43 (0.29, 0.56) | 19.2 |
Portugal | 0.13 (0.08, 0.18) | 2.1 |
Romania | 0.18 (0.12, 0.25) | 5.5 |
Slovakia | 0.72 (0.46, 0.98) | 2.4 |
Slovenia | 0.30 (0.20, 0.40) | 0.9 |
Spain | 0.21 (0.13, 0.29) | 14.6 |
Sweden | 0.30 (0.21, 0.40) | 4.9 |
Turkey | 0.28 (0.18, 0.38) | 12.7 |
Total | 230.9 | |
Weighted mean | 0.29 | |
Median | 0.30 |

Regions and countries | Relative reduction (%) | Absolute reduction (hours/day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
–10 (95% CI) | –25 (95% CI) | –50 (95% CI) | –0.5 (95% CI) | –1 (95% CI) | –2 (95% CI) | |
All 54 countries | ||||||
Weighted mean | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Median | 0.6 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 |
America | ||||||
Argentina | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.6) | 2.9 (1.9, 4.0) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.4) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.1) | 2.5 (1.5, 3.4) |
Brazil | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.0) |
British Virgin Islands | 0.4 (–0.1, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.7) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.6) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.6) |
Canada | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | 2.8 (2.0, 3.7) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 2.3 (1.6, 3.1) |
Colombia | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 2.1 (1.4, 2.8) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.6) |
Mexico | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.3 (–0.1, 0.7) |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.2 (–0.1, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.3 (–0.1, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) |
U.S. | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.6) |
Weighted mean | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Median | 0.4 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.9 |
Western Pacific | ||||||
Australia | 1.1 (0.7, 1.4) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.1) | 4.1 (3.0, 5.2) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 3.0 (2.2, 3.8) |
Cambodia | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.5) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.4) |
Cook Islands | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) | 2.7 (1.9, 3.5) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.7) |
Kiribati | 0.2 (–0.3, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.4 (–0.2, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.9) |
Malaysia | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.5) | 3.6 (2.7, 4.5) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.6) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.7) |
Micronesia (Chuuk) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.5) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.5) |
Tonga | 0.3 (–0.2, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.3) | 0.5 (–0.1, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.6) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.6) |
Vanuatu | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) |
Weighted mean | 0.8 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.4 |
Median | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.8 |
Southeast Asia | ||||||
Bhutan | 0.2 (–0.1, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.5) |
Myanmar | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) |
Nepal | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.0) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) |
Weighted mean | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Median | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Eastern Mediterranean | ||||||
Iran | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) |
Lebanon | 1.5 (0.9, 2.1) | 3.8 (2.8, 4.8) | 7.2 (5.5, 8.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.3) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.2) | 3.1 (2.2, 4.0) |
Oman | 0.2 (–0.1, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.8) |
Saudi Arabia | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) |
Weighted mean | 0.4 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Median | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
Europe | ||||||
Austria | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.7) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.1) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.3) | 2.5 (1.5, 3.6) |
Belgium | 1.0 (0.3, 1.7) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.1) | 3.6 (2.4, 4.9) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.4) | 2.9 (1.9, 3.9) |
Bulgaria | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.7 (0.9, 2.6) | 2.7 (1.5, 3.9) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.3) | 2.4 (1.3, 3.5) |
Croatia | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.6) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.0) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.4) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.2) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.5) |
Cyprus (Republic) | 1.1 (0.0, 2.2) | 2.4 (1.3, 3.7) | 4.0 (2.6, 5.5) | 0.9 (–0.1, 2.0) | 1.7 (0.7, 2.9) | 3.0 (1.8, 4.4) |
Czech Republic | 1.2 (0.4, 1.9) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.6) | 4.4 (3.1, 5.7) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.7) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.7) | 3.2 (2.2, 4.3) |
Denmark | 1.2 (0.5, 2.1) | 2.8 (1.9, 3.8) | 4.6 (3.3, 6.0) | 1.0 (0.2, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.7) | 3.3 (2.3, 4.5) |
Estonia | 1.0 (0.3, 1.7) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.1) | 3.5 (2.3, 4.8) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.5) | 2.8 (1.8, 3.9) |
Finland | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 2.5 (1.6, 3.5) | 3.8 (2.3, 5.3) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.7) | 1.9 (1.2, 2.8) | 3.2 (2.0, 4.4) |
France | 0.6 (0.0, 1.3) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.2) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.4) | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.1) |
Georgia | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 1.4 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) |
Germany | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.5) | 3.0 (2.1, 4.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.4) |
Great Britain | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 2.0 (1.1, 2.9) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.4) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.3) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.7) |
Greece | 1.3 (0.6, 2.1) | 2.9 (2.0, 4.0) | 4.7 (3.3, 6.2) | 1.1 (0.3, 1.8) | 2.0 (1.2, 2.9) | 3.6 (2.5, 4.7) |
Hungary | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.0) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.0, 2.8) |
Ireland | 0.4 (–0.2, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.7) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.8) | 0.5 (–0.2, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.6) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.5) |
Italy | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.0) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.0, 2.9) |
Latvia | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.1) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 2.0 (1.1, 2.9) |
Lithuania | 0.5 (–0.1, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.0) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.0, 2.8) |
Luxembourg | 0.8 (–0.1, 1.8) | 1.8 (0.8, 2.9) | 3.0 (1.8, 4.4) | 0.8 (–0.1, 1.7) | 1.5 (0.5, 2.5) | 2.5 (1.4, 3.7) |
Malta | 0.4 (–0.3, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.1, 1.8) | 1.5 (0.6, 2.5) | 0.5 (–0.2, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.1, 1.8) | 1.5 (0.6, 2.5) |
Netherlands | 1.3 (0.6, 2.1) | 3.0 (2.1, 4.1) | 5.1 (3.7, 6.6) | 1.0 (0.2, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.8) | 3.5 (2.5, 4.6) |
Northern Ireland | 0.8 (–0.3, 2.0) | 1.7 (0.5, 3.0) | 2.8 (1.4, 4.3) | 0.8 (–0.4, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.3, 2.7) | 2.4 (1.1, 3.8) |
Poland | 0.9 (0.2, 1.7) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.0) | 3.4 (2.2, 4.6) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.6) | 1.6 (0.8, 2.4) | 2.7 (1.7, 3.8) |
Portugal | 0.3 (–0.2, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.4 (–0.1, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) |
Romania | 0.3 (–0.2, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.8) | 0.4 (–0.1, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.3) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.1) |
Slovakia | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.8) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.2) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.3) | 2.6 (1.6, 3.6) |
Slovenia | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.7) | 3.0 (1.8, 4.1) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.3) | 2.5 (1.5, 3.5) |
Spain | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.3) | 2.4 (1.3, 3.5) | 0.7 (0.1, 1.4) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 2.2 (1.2, 3.2) |
Sweden | 1.0 (0.3, 1.7) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.2) | 3.7 (2.4, 4.9) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 1.7 (0.9, 2.5) | 2.9 (1.9, 4.0) |
Turkey | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.6) | 2.8 (1.7, 4.0) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.3) | 2.5 (1.5, 3.5) |
Weighted mean | 0.8 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Median | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.0 |
Discussion
- Brownson R.C.
- Boehmer T.K.
- Luke D.A.
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Limitations
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix A. Supplementary materials
Supplementary Material
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