Background
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Introduction
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2000. Current Population Reports, Series P60-214. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2001. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p60-214.pdf.
U.S. White House. Economic growth continues: unemployment rate falls to 4.7 percent. Washington DC, July 7, 2006. Accessed at: www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/economy/.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
Methods
U.S. Census Bureau. How the Census Bureau measures poverty (official measure). Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/povdef.html.
U.S. Census Bureau. Historical poverty tables. Table 5. Percent of people by ratio of income to poverty level: 1970 to 2004. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov5.html.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty in the United States, 1990. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 175. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1991. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-175.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty in the United States, 1991. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 181. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-181.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty in the United States, 1992. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 185. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1993. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-185.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and valuation of noncash benefits: 1993. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 188. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1995. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-188.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and valuation of noncash benefits: 1994. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 189. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-189.pdf.
Baugher E, Lamison-White L. Poverty in the United States: 1995. Current Population Reports, Series P60-194. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-194.pdf.
Lamison-White L. Poverty in the United States: 1996. Current Population Reports, Series P60-198. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1997. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-198.pdf.
Dalaker J, Naifeh M. Poverty in the United States: 1997. Current Population Reports, Series P60-201. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1998. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-201.pdf.
Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 1998. Current Population Reports, Series P60-207. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1999. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-207.pdf.
Dalaker J, Proctor BD. Poverty in the United States: 1999. Current Population Reports, Series P60-210. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-210.pdf.
Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2000. Current Population Reports, Series P60-214. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2001. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p60-214.pdf.
Proctor BD, Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2001. Current Population Reports, Series P60-219. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-219.pdf.
Proctor BD, Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2002. Current Population Reports, Series P60-222. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2003. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p60-222.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Income deficit or surplus of families and unrelated individuals by poverty status. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2004. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new28_000.htm.
Results
Income-to-Poverty Ratios

U.S. Census Bureau. Historical poverty tables. Table 5. Percent of people by ratio of income to poverty level: 1970 to 2004. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov5.html.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. People and families in poverty by selected characteristics: 1999 and 2000. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty00/tablea.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Age and sex of all people, family members and unrelated individuals iterated by income-to-poverty ratio and race. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/pov/new01_000.htm.
Income Deficits and Surpluses

DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty in the United States, 1990. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 175. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1991. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-175.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty in the United States, 1991. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 181. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-181.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty in the United States, 1992. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 185. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1993. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-185.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and valuation of noncash benefits: 1993. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 188. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1995. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-188.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and valuation of noncash benefits: 1994. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 189. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-189.pdf.
Baugher E, Lamison-White L. Poverty in the United States: 1995. Current Population Reports, Series P60-194. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-194.pdf.
Lamison-White L. Poverty in the United States: 1996. Current Population Reports, Series P60-198. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1997. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-198.pdf.
Dalaker J, Naifeh M. Poverty in the United States: 1997. Current Population Reports, Series P60-201. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1998. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-201.pdf.
Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 1998. Current Population Reports, Series P60-207. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1999. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-207.pdf.
Dalaker J, Proctor BD. Poverty in the United States: 1999. Current Population Reports, Series P60-210. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-210.pdf.
Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2000. Current Population Reports, Series P60-214. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2001. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p60-214.pdf.
Proctor BD, Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2001. Current Population Reports, Series P60-219. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-219.pdf.
Proctor BD, Dalaker J. Poverty in the United States: 2002. Current Population Reports, Series P60-222. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2003. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p60-222.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Income deficit or surplus of families and unrelated individuals by poverty status. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2004. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032004/pov/new28_000.htm.
Demographic Patterns
I/P ratio | Odds ratio (95% CI) for severe poverty | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Severely poor <0.5 (n=15,637) (%) | Moderately poor 0.5–1.00 (n=21,360) (%) | Near poor 1.00–2.00 (n=53,816) (%) | 2.0–6.0 (n=144,885) (%) | >6.0 (n=54,907) (%) | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
<5 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 1.94 (1.85–2.04) |
<18 | 36 | 35 | 29 | 24 | 17 | 1.69 (1.63–1.75) |
18–64 | 58 | 53 | 52 | 64 | 74 | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) |
≥65 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 9 | 0.44 (0.42–0.48) |
Female | 56 | 56 | 54 | 50 | 48 | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White | 65 | 71 | 77 | 82 | 87 | 0.43 (0.42–0.45) |
African American | 27 | 22 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 2.84 (2.74–2.95) |
Asian | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) |
Hispanic (of any race/ethnicity) | 21 | 27 | 23 | 12 | 5 | 1.64 (1.58–1.71) |
Householder | 36 | 40 | 40 | 38 | 40 | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) |
Unrelated individuals | 30 | 24 | 22 | 15 | 10 | 2.30 (2.22–2.39) |
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and valuation of noncash benefits: 1994. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 189. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 1996. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/prevcps/p60-189.pdf.
Tier I Income ≥$8000 below poverty, threshold (n=3444) (%) | Tier II Income $0–$7999 below/above poverty threshold (n=10,657) (%) | Tier III Income ≥$8000 above poverty threshold (n=62,917) (%) | Odds ratio for Tier I (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Families with children | 81 | 60 | 48 | 4.31 (3.95–4.70) |
Race/ethnicity of householder | ||||
White | 64 | 74 | 84 | 0.36 (0.34–0.39) |
African American | 30 | 19 | 9 | 3.54 (3.28–3.82) |
Asian | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0.69 (0.56–0.84) |
Hispanic (of any race/ethnicity) | 24 | 24 | 10 | 2.35 (2.17–2.55) |
Families with female householder and no spouse | 57 | 38 | 13 | 6.76 (6.30–7.25) |
Discussion and Conclusions
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Historical poverty tables. Table 5. Percent of people by ratio of income to poverty level: 1970 to 2004. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov5.html.
Weinberg DH. Press briefing on 2002 income and poverty estimates. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, September 26, 2003. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income02/prs03asc.html.
Weinberg DH. Press briefing on 2003 income and poverty estimates from the Current Population Survey. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, August 26, 2004. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income03/prs04asc.html.
Nelson C. News conference on 2004 income, poverty, and health insurance estimates from the Current Population Survey. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, August 30, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income04/prs05asc.html.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. Data quality: expanded use of key dissemination practices would further safeguard the integrity of federal statistical data. Washington DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006 (GAO-06-607). Accessed at: www.gao.gov/new.items/d06607.pdf.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
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DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
U.S. Census Bureau. Historical poverty tables—periods of recession. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/recessn.html.
U.S. Census Bureau. Source and accuracy of estimates for income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed at: www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/p60_229sa.pdf.
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U.S. Census Bureau. Income distribution to $250,000 or more for households: 2004. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/hhinc/new06_000.htm.
DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Lee CH. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2004. Current Population Reports, P60-229. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
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U.S. Census Bureau. Alternative poverty estimates in the United States: 2003. Current Population Reports. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-227.pdf.
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U.S. Census Bureau. People in households in which one or more members were covered by Medicaid, 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/pov/new25_005_05.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau. People in households that received food stamps, 2004. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/pov/new25_004_04.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau. Age and sex of all people, family members and unrelated individuals iterated by income-to-poverty ratio and race. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/pov/new01_000.htm.
U.S. Census Bureau. Age and sex of all people, family members and unrelated individuals iterated by income-to-poverty ratio and race. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Accessed at: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/pov/new01_000.htm.
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Appendix

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