Background
Purpose
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Introduction
Alcohol and Public Health. Online tools. Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) software. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm.
Guide to Community Preventive Services. Preventing excessive alcohol consumption. www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/index.html.
Methods
Definition of Excessive Alcohol Consumption
National Study
Alcohol and Public Health. Online tools. Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) software. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm.
Calculation of State Total Cost Estimates
Healthcare-related allocators
National Survey of Substance Abuse, Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2006, Data on Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities. Table 6.28. wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/06nssats/nssats2k6web.pdf.
Alcohol and Public Health. Online tools. Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) software. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm.
CDC. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. www.cdc.gov/brfss/ (August 13, 2012).
Productivity-related allocators
State estimates of substance use and mental health from the 2005-2006 national surveys on drug use and health. Table B17. oas.samhsa.gov/2k6state/ageTabs.htm.
Alcohol and Public Health. Online tools. Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) software. www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm.
CDC. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. www.cdc.gov/brfss/ (August 13, 2012).
Sabol WJ, Minton TD, Harrison PM. Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2006. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, June 2007, NCJ 217675 U.S. Department of Justice. June 2007. Appendix Table 2 and Appendix Table 8. bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/pjim06.pdf.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational employment statistics. Download occupational employment and wage estimates. May 2006 estimates for all occupations and for child care workers. www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational employment statistics. Download occupational employment and wage estimates. May 2006 estimates for all occupations and for child care workers. www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm.
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of State Standards Programs Wage and Hour Division web site. Changes in basic minimum wages in non-farm employment under state law: selected years 1968 to 2012. www.dol.gov/whd/state/stateMinWageHis.htm.
Allocators for other costs
National Highway Traffic System Administration. Fatality analysis reporting system. www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx (States Tab; alcohol tab; year=2006 and BAC=0.08+).
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Direct expenditures for state and local justice system activities by type of activity and level of government, fiscal year 2006. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics Online. www.albany.edu/sourcebook/csv/t162006.csv.
U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform crime reporting statistics. bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/ucrdata/Search/Crime/State/StatebyState.cfm.
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics Online. www.albany.edu/sourcebook/csv/t4282006.csv.
U.S. Census Bureau. State and local government finance. Historical data: 2006. www.census.gov/govs/estimate/historical_data_2006.html. Found under Expenditures for public safety.
Cost to Government
Cost Per Alcoholic Drink and Cost Per Capita
Volume beverage and ethanol consumption for States, census regions, and the U.S., 1970–2007. www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/AlcoholSales/consum02.htm.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIH publications. What is a standard drink? pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2.htm.
Annual estimates of the population for the U.S., regions, and states, and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000, to July 1, 2006. www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2006-01.xls.
Cost of Binge Drinking
Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in the U.S.: main findings from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), January 2006. U.S. alcohol epidemiologic data reference manual, volume 8, number 1. NIH. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda MD. pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/NESARC_DRM/NESARCDRM.htm.
Cost of Underage Drinking
Results
Total cost ($) | Governmental cost ($) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Cost (millions) | Cost per drink | Per capita cost | Cost (millions) | Cost per drink | Per capita cost | % of total cost |
Alabama | 3,216.6 | 2.05 | 699 | 1,252.6 | 0.80 | 272 | 38.9 |
Alaska | 734.5 | 2.34 | 1096 | 315.2 | 1.00 | 470 | 42.9 |
Arizona | 5,325.6 | 2.07 | 864 | 2,244.2 | 0.87 | 364 | 42.1 |
Arkansas | 1,871.2 | 2.12 | 666 | 750.4 | 0.85 | 267 | 40.1 |
California | 31,856.4 | 2.25 | 874 | 13,675.2 | 0.97 | 375 | 42.9 |
Colorado | 4,306.3 | 1.95 | 906 | 1,882.8 | 0.85 | 396 | 43.7 |
Connecticut | 2,712.6 | 1.91 | 774 | 1,136.6 | 0.80 | 324 | 41.9 |
Delaware | 686.8 | 1.40 | 805 | 299.0 | 0.61 | 350 | 43.5 |
District of Columbia | 966.7 | 2.35 | 1662 | 403.3 | 0.98 | 694 | 41.7 |
Florida | 13,341.7 | 1.53 | 738 | 5,635.8 | 0.65 | 312 | 42.2 |
Georgia | 6,345.3 | 1.94 | 678 | 2,647.6 | 0.81 | 283 | 41.7 |
Hawaii | 821.5 | 1.42 | 639 | 334.5 | 0.58 | 260 | 40.7 |
Idaho | 977.4 | 1.57 | 667 | 401.0 | 0.64 | 273 | 41.0 |
Illinois | 9,335.4 | 1.82 | 728 | 3,797.7 | 0.74 | 296 | 40.7 |
Indiana | 4,206.7 | 1.94 | 666 | 1,792.2 | 0.82 | 284 | 42.6 |
Iowa | 1,853.5 | 1.64 | 622 | 762.3 | 0.67 | 256 | 41.1 |
Kansas | 1,921.5 | 2.09 | 695 | 799.1 | 0.87 | 289 | 41.6 |
Kentucky | 2,764.8 | 2.06 | 657 | 1,151.7 | 0.86 | 274 | 41.7 |
Louisiana | 3,403.9 | 1.75 | 794 | 1,367.6 | 0.70 | 319 | 40.2 |
Maine | 879.9 | 1.51 | 666 | 372.6 | 0.64 | 282 | 42.3 |
Maryland | 4,172.4 | 1.96 | 743 | 1,857.7 | 0.87 | 331 | 44.5 |
Massachusetts | 5,112.6 | 1.76 | 794 | 2,173.8 | 0.75 | 338 | 42.5 |
Michigan | 8,218.8 | 2.16 | 814 | 3,511.8 | 0.92 | 348 | 42.7 |
Minnesota | 3,547.4 | 1.65 | 687 | 1,456.2 | 0.68 | 282 | 41.0 |
Mississippi | 2,138.0 | 1.93 | 735 | 790.4 | 0.71 | 272 | 37.0 |
Missouri | 4,464.6 | 1.86 | 764 | 1,797.3 | 0.75 | 308 | 40.3 |
Montana | 791.2 | 1.73 | 838 | 300.4 | 0.66 | 318 | 38.0 |
Nebraska | 1,118.4 | 1.57 | 632 | 476.0 | 0.67 | 269 | 42.6 |
Nevada | 1,940.9 | 1.23 | 778 | 814.2 | 0.52 | 326 | 42.0 |
New Hampshire | 852.3 | 0.88 | 648 | 348.3 | 0.36 | 265 | 40.9 |
New Jersey | 5,937.1 | 1.69 | 680 | 2,530.2 | 0.72 | 290 | 42.6 |
New Mexico | 1,876.1 | 2.36 | 960 | 793.5 | 1.00 | 406 | 42.3 |
New York | 14,225.9 | 2.11 | 737 | 6,262.5 | 0.93 | 324 | 44.0 |
North Carolina | 6,042.7 | 2.00 | 682 | 2,536.7 | 0.84 | 286 | 42.0 |
North Dakota | 419.6 | 1.36 | 660 | 169.7 | 0.55 | 267 | 40.4 |
Ohio | 7,654.2 | 1.92 | 667 | 3,259.1 | 0.82 | 284 | 42.6 |
Oklahoma | 2,491.2 | 2.67 | 696 | 1,047.2 | 1.12 | 293 | 42.0 |
Oregon | 2,864.8 | 1.75 | 774 | 1,280.0 | 0.78 | 346 | 44.7 |
Pennsylvania | 8,398.1 | 1.81 | 675 | 3,604.7 | 0.78 | 290 | 42.9 |
Rhode Island | 827.4 | 1.74 | 775 | 354.9 | 0.75 | 332 | 42.9 |
South Carolina | 3,274.7 | 1.77 | 758 | 1,269.5 | 0.68 | 294 | 38.8 |
South Dakota | 542.2 | 1.60 | 693 | 213.5 | 0.63 | 273 | 39.4 |
Tennessee | 4,165.6 | 2.09 | 690 | 1,683.7 | 0.84 | 279 | 40.4 |
Texas | 16,524.8 | 1.89 | 703 | 6,718.0 | 0.77 | 286 | 40.7 |
Utah | 1,473.8 | 2.74 | 578 | 664.0 | 1.23 | 260 | 45.0 |
Vermont | 423.7 | 1.45 | 679 | 181.2 | 0.62 | 290 | 42.8 |
Virginia | 5,354.9 | 1.92 | 701 | 2,261.2 | 0.81 | 296 | 42.2 |
Washington | 5,319.1 | 2.13 | 832 | 2,374.4 | 0.95 | 371 | 44.6 |
West Virginia | 1,129.8 | 2.01 | 621 | 452.7 | 0.81 | 249 | 40.1 |
Wisconsin | 4,180.2 | 1.45 | 752 | 1,796.0 | 0.62 | 323 | 43.0 |
Wyoming | 468.0 | 1.91 | 909 | 195.5 | 0.80 | 380 | 41.8 |
State median | 2,864.8 | 1.91 | 703 | 1,252.6 | 0.78 | 293 | 42.0 |

Healthcare | Productivity | Other a Other includes costs associated with property damage due to crimes; criminal justice system costs, including costs for police protection, the court system, correctional institutions, private legal costs, and alcohol crimes (e.g., driving under the influence, liquor law violations, and public drunkenness); motor vehicle crashes; property damage from fire; and special education related to fetal alcohol syndrome. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Cost (millions $) | % of total cost | Cost (millions $) | % of total cost | Cost (millions $) | % of total cost |
Alabama | 330.7 | 10.3 | 2,206.2 | 68.6 | 679.7 | 21.1 |
Alaska | 75.8 | 10.3 | 566.2 | 77.1 | 92.5 | 12.6 |
Arizona | 617.0 | 11.6 | 3,709.1 | 69.6 | 999.5 | 18.8 |
Arkansas | 171.1 | 9.1 | 1,279.2 | 68.4 | 420.9 | 22.5 |
California | 3,012.1 | 9.5 | 23,876.5 | 75.0 | 4,967.7 | 15.6 |
Colorado | 650.4 | 15.1 | 3,075.7 | 71.4 | 580.3 | 13.5 |
Connecticut | 307.2 | 11.3 | 2,053.5 | 75.7 | 351.9 | 13.0 |
Delaware | 86.4 | 12.6 | 477.9 | 69.6 | 122.5 | 17.8 |
District of Columbia | 83.1 | 8.6 | 794.0 | 82.1 | 89.6 | 9.3 |
Florida | 1,472.6 | 11.0 | 9,352.9 | 70.1 | 2,516.1 | 18.9 |
Georgia | 573.6 | 9.0 | 4,557.9 | 71.8 | 1,213.8 | 19.1 |
Hawaii | 73.3 | 8.9 | 600.7 | 73.1 | 147.6 | 18.0 |
Idaho | 114.1 | 11.7 | 676.3 | 69.2 | 187.0 | 19.1 |
Illinois | 960.9 | 10.3 | 7,149.8 | 76.6 | 1,224.8 | 13.1 |
Indiana | 571.5 | 13.6 | 2,965.7 | 70.5 | 669.5 | 15.9 |
Iowa | 214.0 | 11.5 | 1,342.1 | 72.4 | 297.4 | 16.0 |
Kansas | 236.4 | 12.3 | 1,374.4 | 71.5 | 310.7 | 16.2 |
Kentucky | 406.9 | 14.7 | 1,904.5 | 68.9 | 453.4 | 16.4 |
Louisiana | 316.0 | 9.3 | 2,323.5 | 68.3 | 764.4 | 22.5 |
Maine | 133.6 | 15.2 | 614.9 | 69.9 | 131.4 | 14.9 |
Maryland | 532.3 | 12.8 | 2,935.0 | 70.3 | 705.2 | 16.9 |
Massachusetts | 631.2 | 12.3 | 3,902.7 | 76.3 | 578.7 | 11.3 |
Michigan | 946.5 | 11.5 | 6,107.2 | 74.3 | 1,165.1 | 14.2 |
Minnesota | 312.8 | 8.8 | 2,753.3 | 77.6 | 481.3 | 13.6 |
Mississippi | 224.9 | 10.5 | 1,396.6 | 65.3 | 516.5 | 24.2 |
Missouri | 501.4 | 11.2 | 3,157.9 | 70.7 | 805.2 | 18.0 |
Montana | 92.9 | 11.7 | 529.9 | 67.0 | 168.3 | 21.3 |
Nebraska | 126.0 | 11.3 | 789.3 | 70.6 | 203.1 | 18.2 |
Nevada | 203.2 | 10.5 | 1,362.2 | 70.2 | 375.4 | 19.3 |
New Hampshire | 89.0 | 10.4 | 640.8 | 75.2 | 122.4 | 14.4 |
New Jersey | 570.9 | 9.6 | 4,517.1 | 76.1 | 849.0 | 14.3 |
New Mexico | 278.8 | 14.9 | 1,283.9 | 68.4 | 313.4 | 16.7 |
New York | 1,729.4 | 12.2 | 10,502.6 | 73.8 | 1,993.9 | 14.0 |
North Carolina | 667.7 | 11.0 | 4,278.5 | 70.8 | 1,096.6 | 18.1 |
North Dakota | 59.3 | 14.1 | 280.9 | 66.9 | 79.4 | 18.9 |
Ohio | 894.4 | 11.7 | 5,536.5 | 72.3 | 1,223.3 | 16.0 |
Oklahoma | 305.5 | 12.3 | 1,707.4 | 68.5 | 478.3 | 19.2 |
Oregon | 430.0 | 15.0 | 1,946.4 | 67.9 | 488.4 | 17.0 |
Pennsylvania | 1,005.7 | 12.0 | 5,934.0 | 70.7 | 1,458.4 | 17.4 |
Rhode Island | 110.6 | 13.4 | 606.1 | 73.3 | 110.7 | 13.4 |
South Carolina | 345.9 | 10.6 | 2,191.7 | 66.9 | 737.2 | 22.5 |
South Dakota | 69.3 | 12.8 | 355.0 | 65.5 | 117.9 | 21.7 |
Tennessee | 432.4 | 10.4 | 2,865.2 | 68.8 | 868.0 | 20.8 |
Texas | 1,295.2 | 7.8 | 11,901.8 | 72.0 | 3,327.8 | 20.1 |
Utah | 187.4 | 12.7 | 1,048.7 | 71.2 | 237.8 | 16.1 |
Vermont | 67.3 | 15.9 | 291.9 | 68.9 | 64.4 | 15.2 |
Virginia | 528.9 | 9.9 | 3,938.4 | 73.5 | 887.5 | 16.6 |
Washington | 809.3 | 15.2 | 3,715.5 | 69.9 | 794.3 | 14.9 |
West Virginia | 134.0 | 11.9 | 787.0 | 69.7 | 208.8 | 18.5 |
Wisconsin | 507.9 | 12.2 | 2,836.3 | 67.9 | 836.0 | 20.0 |
Wyoming | 59.0 | 12.6 | 285.1 | 60.9 | 123.9 | 26.5 |
State median | 316.0 | 11.6 | 2,053.5 | 70.5 | 488.4 | 17.0 |
Binge drinking (all ages) | Underage drinking | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
State | Cost (millions $) | % of total cost | Cost (millions $) | % of total cost |
Alabama | 2,595.4 | 80.7 | 408.5 | 12.7 |
Alaska | 545.0 | 74.2 | 108.1 | 14.7 |
Arizona | 4,118.6 | 77.3 | 533.2 | 10.0 |
Arkansas | 1,520.9 | 81.3 | 205.8 | 11.0 |
California | 23,540.5 | 73.9 | 3470.8 | 10.9 |
Colorado | 3,225.2 | 74.9 | 531.5 | 12.3 |
Connecticut | 2,030.6 | 74.9 | 219.7 | 8.1 |
Delaware | 525.0 | 76.4 | 71.6 | 10.4 |
District of Columbia | 745.8 | 77.1 | 53.6 | 5.5 |
Florida | 10,261.3 | 76.9 | 1618.3 | 12.1 |
Georgia | 5,063.8 | 79.8 | 653.9 | 10.3 |
Hawaii | 632.9 | 77.0 | 95.3 | 11.6 |
Idaho | 748.9 | 76.6 | 135.9 | 13.9 |
Illinois | 7,130.3 | 76.4 | 936.8 | 10.0 |
Indiana | 3,228.7 | 76.8 | 556.4 | 13.2 |
Iowa | 1,386.0 | 74.8 | 255.5 | 13.8 |
Kansas | 1,492.1 | 77.7 | 256.4 | 13.3 |
Kentucky | 2,208.6 | 79.9 | 316.4 | 11.4 |
Louisiana | 2,827.3 | 83.1 | 361.4 | 10.6 |
Maine | 653.2 | 74.2 | 120.6 | 13.7 |
Maryland | 3,223.8 | 77.3 | 470.4 | 11.3 |
Massachusetts | 3,658.9 | 71.6 | 406.4 | 7.9 |
Michigan | 6,096.0 | 74.2 | 830.2 | 10.1 |
Minnesota | 2,644.4 | 74.5 | 446.4 | 12.6 |
Mississippi | 1,773.9 | 83.0 | 207.9 | 9.7 |
Missouri | 3,522.9 | 78.9 | 505.6 | 11.3 |
Montana | 609.2 | 77.0 | 87.8 | 11.1 |
Nebraska | 844.7 | 75.5 | 207.2 | 18.5 |
Nevada | 1,481.5 | 76.3 | 203.4 | 10.5 |
New Hampshire | 625.7 | 73.4 | 93.1 | 10.9 |
New Jersey | 4,420.9 | 74.5 | 543.8 | 9.2 |
New Mexico | 1,423.2 | 75.9 | 158.6 | 8.5 |
New York | 10,596.3 | 74.5 | 1183.6 | 8.3 |
North Carolina | 4,774.7 | 79.0 | 566.1 | 9.4 |
North Dakota | 305.3 | 72.7 | 69.4 | 16.5 |
Ohio | 5,777.8 | 75.5 | 880.3 | 11.5 |
Oklahoma | 1,966.7 | 78.9 | 279.4 | 11.2 |
Oregon | 2,097.6 | 73.2 | 386.1 | 13.5 |
Pennsylvania | 6,443.1 | 76.7 | 968.7 | 11.5 |
Rhode Island | 594.4 | 71.8 | 73.7 | 8.9 |
South Carolina | 2,587.6 | 79.0 | 367.2 | 11.2 |
South Dakota | 412.8 | 76.1 | 107.3 | 19.8 |
Tennessee | 3,336.8 | 80.1 | 489.8 | 11.8 |
Texas | 12,989.2 | 78.6 | 1846.9 | 11.2 |
Utah | 1,141.1 | 77.4 | 260.2 | 17.7 |
Vermont | 315.6 | 74.5 | 54.7 | 12.9 |
Virginia | 4,161.5 | 77.7 | 572.8 | 10.7 |
Washington | 3,960.2 | 74.5 | 575.8 | 10.8 |
West Virginia | 883.8 | 78.2 | 122.7 | 10.9 |
Wisconsin | 3,178.6 | 76.0 | 601.1 | 14.4 |
Wyoming | 371.5 | 79.4 | 93.5 | 20.0 |
State median | 2,208.6 | 76.6 | 361.4 | 11.2 |
State | Excessive drinking 2006 | Smoking 2004 | Medicaid 2006 |
---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 3,217 | 3,550 | 3,886 |
Alaska | 735 | 326 | 960 |
Arizona | 5,326 | 2,779 | 6,196 |
Arkansas | 1,871 | 2,118 | 2,895 |
California | 31,856 | 17,727 | 34,247 |
Colorado | 4,306 | 2,306 | 2,873 |
Connecticut | 2,713 | 2,648 | 4,213 |
Delaware | 687 | 588 | 947 |
District of Columbia | 967 | 476 | 1,302 |
Florida | 13,342 | 12,799 | 12,763 |
Georgia | 6,345 | 5,334 | 6,841 |
Hawaii | 822 | 644 | 1,101 |
Idaho | 977 | 652 | 1,044 |
Illinois | 9,335 | 8,398 | 10,119 |
Indiana | 4,207 | 4,579 | 5,674 |
Iowa | 1,854 | 1,980 | 2,615 |
Kansas | 1,922 | 1,790 | 2,078 |
Kentucky | 2,765 | 3,638 | 4,378 |
Louisiana | 3,404 | 3,393 | 4,861 |
Maine | 880 | 1,096 | 1,954 |
Maryland | 4,172 | 3,747 | 5,000 |
Massachusetts | 5,113 | 5,466 | 9,697 |
Michigan | 8,219 | 7,203 | 8,288 |
Minnesota | 3,547 | 3,268 | 5,666 |
Mississippi | 2,138 | 2,132 | 3,270 |
Missouri | 4,465 | 4,554 | 6,477 |
Montana | 791 | 572 | 726 |
Nebraska | 1,118 | 1,036 | 1,537 |
Nevada | 1,941 | 1,397 | 1,178 |
New Hampshire | 852 | 969 | 1,107 |
New Jersey | 5,937 | 5,802 | 9,084 |
New Mexico | 1,876 | 928 | 2,490 |
New York | 14,226 | 14,189 | 44,712 |
North Carolina | 6,043 | 5,770 | 9,140 |
North Dakota | 420 | 437 | 504 |
Ohio | 7,654 | 9,033 | 12,251 |
Oklahoma | 2,491 | 2,718 | 2,973 |
Oregon | 2,865 | 2,193 | 2,941 |
Pennsylvania | 8,398 | 9,830 | 15,512 |
Rhode Island | 827 | 870 | 1,697 |
South Carolina | 3,275 | 2,930 | 4,069 |
South Dakota | 542 | 502 | 607 |
Tennessee | 4,166 | 4,906 | 6,066 |
Texas | 16,525 | 12,276 | 18,116 |
Utah | 1,474 | 618 | 1,473 |
Vermont | 424 | 430 | 948 |
Virginia | 5,355 | 4,514 | 4,654 |
Washington | 5,319 | 3,700 | 5,579 |
West Virginia | 1,130 | 1,683 | 2,099 |
Wisconsin | 4,180 | 3,666 | 4,653 |
Wyoming | 468 | 291 | 421 |
State median | 2,865 | 2,718 | 3,886 |
U.S.-Total | 223,479 | 194,451 | 303,882 |
Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
Conclusion
Guide to Community Preventive Services. Preventing excessive alcohol consumption. www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/index.html.
Acknowledgements
Appendix. Supplementary data
Supplementary data
References
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIH publications. What is a standard drink? pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2.htm.
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