Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Introduction
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2011. www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2011. www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf
Healthy People 2020. Topics & objectives—immunization and infectious diseases. www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases/objectives.
Healthy People 2020. Explore the latest data from the immunization and infectious diseases and global health progress review. www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases/objectives.
Methods
Study Sample
Measures
U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty thresholds. www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/.
Statistical Analysis
Results
All adults | With health insurance | Without health insurance | Regular physician | Physician contacts in the past 12 months | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Public | Private | Yes | No | None | 1–3 | 4–9 | ≥10 | |||
Characteristics | n | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Total | 34,525 | 83.0 | 24.5 | 75.5 | 17.0 | 83.9 | 16.1 | 19.7 | 43.8 | 23.1 | 13.4 |
Age (years) | |||||||||||
≥18 | 34,525 | 83.0 | 24.5 | 75.5 | 17.0 | 83.9 | 16.1 | 19.7 | 43.8 | 23.1 | 13.4 |
18–26 | 4,558 | 74.0 | 23.5 | 76.5 | 26.0 | 72.1 | 27.9 | 29.6 | 45.5 | 15.5 | 9.4 |
18–49 | 18,165 | 76.4 | 18.4 | 81.6 | 23.6 | 77.3 | 22.7 | 26.2 | 45.3 | 17.6 | 10.9 |
18–64 HR | 9,799 | 76.6 | 28.2 | 71.8 | 23.4 | 81.2 | 18.8 | 19.5 | 37.8 | 24.9 | 17.8 |
≥60 | 10,269 | 95.7 | 40.2 | 59.8 | 4.3 | 95.0 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 39.2 | 34.1 | 18.7 |
≥65 | 7,382 | 99.3 | 48.0 | 52.0 | 0.7 | 96.7 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 37.0 | 36.0 | 20.1 |
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | 15,273 | 80.7 | 22.3 | 77.7 | 19.3 | 79.3 | 20.7 | 26.7 | 44.4 | 18.7 | 10.3 |
Female | 19,252 | 85.1 | 26.5 | 73.5 | 14.9 | 88.1 | 11.9 | 13.2 | 43.2 | 27.3 | 16.3 |
Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 20,619 | 88.4 | 20.7 | 79.3 | 11.6 | 87.3 | 12.7 | 16.0 | 44.0 | 25.0 | 14.9 |
Non-Hispanic black | 5,119 | 79.4 | 36.8 | 63.2 | 20.6 | 84.0 | 16.0 | 20.4 | 45.4 | 22.6 | 11.6 |
Hispanic | 5,859 | 61.6 | 37.2 | 62.8 | 38.4 | 69.6 | 30.4 | 33.4 | 40.3 | 16.9 | 9.4 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 2,108 | 83.3 | 19.8 | 80.2 | 16.7 | 81.8 | 18.2 | 25.6 | 47.7 | 18.2 | 8.4 |
Other | 820 | 83.6 | 33.4 | 66.6 | 16.4 | 81.8 | 18.2 | 19.2 | 41.3 | 21.9 | 17.6 |
Marital status | |||||||||||
Married | 14,930 | 87.7 | 18.5 | 81.5 | 12.3 | 87.8 | 12.2 | 16.5 | 45.8 | 24.7 | 13.1 |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 9,124 | 85.1 | 41.4 | 58.6 | 14.9 | 87.8 | 12.2 | 14.8 | 38.3 | 28.4 | 18.5 |
Never married | 10,393 | 73.3 | 26.0 | 74.0 | 26.7 | 74.6 | 25.4 | 28.3 | 43.3 | 17.3 | 11.1 |
Education | |||||||||||
Less than high school | 5,487 | 68.8 | 55.3 | 44.7 | 31.2 | 76.5 | 23.5 | 28.3 | 35.9 | 22.1 | 13.8 |
High school graduate | 8,938 | 78.4 | 29.8 | 70.2 | 21.6 | 82.0 | 18.0 | 22.5 | 41.5 | 22.4 | 13.6 |
Some college/college graduate | 16,577 | 86.9 | 17.9 | 82.1 | 13.1 | 85.6 | 14.4 | 17.4 | 46.5 | 23.0 | 13.1 |
Higher than college graduate | 3,370 | 96.3 | 11.6 | 88.4 | 3.7 | 90.9 | 9.1 | 11.3 | 47.1 | 27.4 | 14.2 |
Employment status | |||||||||||
Employed | 20,038 | 82.7 | 10.5 | 89.5 | 17.3 | 81.7 | 18.3 | 22.5 | 48.4 | 19.9 | 9.2 |
Unemployed | 2,077 | 53.6 | 45.0 | 55.0 | 46.4 | 66.6 | 33.4 | 34.6 | 39.2 | 16.8 | 9.4 |
Not in work force | 12,385 | 89.1 | 46.3 | 53.7 | 10.9 | 91.3 | 8.7 | 11.6 | 36.1 | 30.4 | 22.0 |
Poverty level | |||||||||||
At or above poverty | 24,725 | 85.9 | 18.1 | 81.9 | 14.1 | 85.4 | 14.6 | 18.1 | 45.6 | 23.4 | 12.9 |
Below poverty | 6,008 | 64.9 | 67.6 | 32.4 | 35.1 | 73.5 | 26.5 | 29.1 | 33.5 | 20.5 | 16.9 |
Self-reported health status | |||||||||||
Excellent/very good | 19,602 | 84.1 | 16.3 | 83.7 | 15.9 | 82.6 | 17.4 | 21.9 | 49.5 | 19.8 | 8.8 |
Good | 9,636 | 81.2 | 28.4 | 71.6 | 18.8 | 84.6 | 15.4 | 18.2 | 40.3 | 26.8 | 14.7 |
Fair | 3,999 | 80.8 | 52.1 | 47.9 | 19.2 | 87.3 | 12.7 | 14.1 | 26.0 | 31.9 | 27.9 |
Poor | 1,270 | 84.6 | 67.0 | 33.0 | 15.4 | 92.6 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 16.7 | 29.3 | 47.4 |
U.S.-born status | |||||||||||
U.S.-born | 27,956 | 86.2 | 23.4 | 76.6 | 13.8 | 86.1 | 13.9 | 17.3 | 44.1 | 24.1 | 14.4 |
Born outside U.S.—in U.S. ≤10 years | 1,339 | 52.1 | 25.5 | 74.5 | 47.9 | 55.7 | 44.3 | 42.1 | 39.4 | 12.9 | 5.6 |
Born outside U.S.—in U.S. >10 years | 5,167 | 72.1 | 32.5 | 67.5 | 27.9 | 77.9 | 22.1 | 27.6 | 42.7 | 19.9 | 9.8 |
Region of residence | |||||||||||
Northeast | 5,774 | 88.3 | 23.6 | 76.4 | 11.7 | 89.7 | 10.3 | 16.3 | 44.9 | 24.9 | 13.9 |
Midwest | 7,193 | 86.2 | 19.2 | 80.8 | 13.8 | 85.8 | 14.2 | 17.8 | 45.3 | 22.9 | 14.0 |
South | 12,536 | 79.8 | 26.8 | 73.2 | 20.2 | 81.8 | 18.2 | 20.5 | 42.8 | 23.7 | 13.0 |
West | 9,022 | 80.7 | 27.4 | 72.6 | 19.3 | 80.6 | 19.4 | 23.0 | 42.8 | 21.0 | 13.1 |
With health insurance | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All adults | Overall | Public | Private | Without health insurance | |
Vaccination | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) |
Influenza vaccination (2011–2012 season) | |||||
≥18 | 39.2 (38.3, 40.2) | 44.3 (43.3, 45.4) | 50.8 (48.8, 52.8), | 42.3 (41.1, 43.5) | 14.4 (12.8, 16.1) |
18–64 | 32.6 (31.6, 33.6) | 37.3 (36.2, 38.5) | 39.4 (36.7, 42.2) | 36.9 (35.6, 38.1) | 14.3 (12.8, 16.0) |
≥65 | 70.1 (68.2, 72.0) *** p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 70.5 (68.6, 72.4), ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 66.6 (63.9, 69.3),, ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 74.0 (71.5, 76.5), ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 23.4 (12.9, 40.1) |
Pneumococcal vaccination (ever received) | |||||
18–64 HR | 19.9 (18.8, 21.0) | 23.0 (21.7, 24.4) | 29.8 (27.1, 32.8), | 20.4 (18.9, 21.9) | 9.8 (8.4, 11.4) |
≥65 | 59.9 (58.4, 61.4) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 60.2 (58.7, 61.7) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 56.4 (53.9, 58.7), ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 63.7 (61.8, 65.5) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | — |
Tetanus vaccination (past 10 years) | |||||
≥18 | 62.5 (61.8, 63.3) | 64.5 (63.6, 65.3) | 59.2 (57.6, 60.8), | 66.2 (65.2, 67.1) | 53.2 (51.5, 54.9) |
18–64 | 64.1 (63.3, 64.9) | 66.9 (66.0, 67.8) | 63.8 (61.8, 65.8), | 67.6 (66.6, 68.5) | 53.4 (51.7, 55.1) |
≥65 | 55.1 (53.6, 56.7) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 55.4 (53.8, 56.9) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 52.6 (50.4, 54.8) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 57.9 (55.8, 60.0) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 26.2 (14.1, 43.4) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. |
Tetanus vaccination including pertussis vaccine (past 7 years) | |||||
≥18 | 14.3 (13.7, 15.0) | 15.7 (15.0, 16.4) | 10.7 (9.5, 12.0) | 17.3 (16.5, 18.1) | 8.4 (7.2, 9.6) |
18–64 | 15.7 (15.0, 16.5) | 17.8 (17.0, 18.7) | 13.4 (11.7, 15.3) | 18.8 (17.9, 19.7) | 8.4 (7.3, 9.7) |
≥65 | 8.0 (7.0, 9.1) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 8.1 (7.1, 9.2), ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 7.2 (5.9, 8.8) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 8.9 (7.5, 10.5) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.0 (—) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. |
Hepatitis A vaccination (≥2 doses) | |||||
18–49 among travelers | 19.1 (17.7, 20.6) | 19.8 (18.2, 21.4) | 24.6 (20.0, 29.9) | 19.2 (17.5, 21.0) | 16.6 (13.8, 19.9) |
Hepatitis B vaccination (≥3 doses) | |||||
18–49 | 35.5 (34.5, 36.5) | 38.0 (36.9, 39.2) | 34.4 (31.9, 37.0) | 38.8 (37.5, 40.1) | 27.5 (25.7, 29.3) |
≥18 with diabetes | 21.2 (19.3, 23.1) | 21.3 (19.4, 23.3) | 16.9 (14.4, 19.8) | 24.3 (21.6, 27.3) | 20.2 (15.0, 26.5) |
18–64 with diabetes | 27.1 (24.4, 30.1) | 28.5 (25.5, 31.6) | 25.5 (20.3, 31.4) | 30.0 (26.3, 34.0) | 20.2 (15.0, 26.7) |
≥65 with diabetes | 12.0 (9.9, 14.5) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 12.0 (9.9, 14.5) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 9.7 (7.3, 12.7) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 14.4 (11.1, 18.4) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | — |
Shingles vaccination (ever received) | |||||
≥60 | 20.1 (19.1, 21.2) | 20.8 (19.8, 21.9) | 17.7 (16.3, 19.2) | 22.9 (21.4, 24.5) | 6.1 (3.9, 9.5) |
60–64 | 14.0 (12.4, 15.7) | 15.1 (13.4, 17.1) | 8.4 (6.1, 11.4) | 16.8 (14.7, 19.1) | 6.5 (4.0, 10.2) |
≥65 | 22.9 (21.6, 24.2) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 23.0 (21.8, 24.4) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 19.2 (17.6, 20.9) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 26.6 (24.6, 28.6) ⁎⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | — |
Human papillomavirus vaccination (≥1 dose) | |||||
18–26 male | 3.7 (2.7, 5.1) | 4.2 (2.9, 6.0) | — | 3.5 (2.3, 5.3) | — |
18–26 female | 35.6 (33.0, 38.3) | 39.8 (36.7, 42.9) | 30.4 (25.2, 36.2) | 43.4 (39.7, 47.2) | 20.9 (16.8, 25.7) |
With health insurance | Without health insurance | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With a regular physician | Without a regular physician | With a regular physician | Without a regular physician | |||||
Vaccination | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) |
Influenza vaccination (2011–2012 season) | ||||||||
≥18 | 145.0 | 47.0 (45.9, 48.1) | 14.0 | 18.0 (15.5, 20.9) | 16.1 | 21.7 (19.1, 24.7) | 17.1 | 7.6 (6.2, 9.2) |
18–64 | 112.6 | 39.7 (38.5, 41.0) | 13.0 | 17.4 (14.8, 20.4) | 16.0 | 21.6 (18.9, 24.5) | 17.0 | 7.6 (6.2, 9.2) |
≥65 | 32.4 | 71.8 (69.9, 73.7) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.9 | 26.9 (19.8, 35.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — |
Pneumococcal vaccination (ever received) | ||||||||
18–64 HR | 45.4 | 24.5 (23.1, 26.0) | 4.8 | 8.5 (6.3, 11.4) | 7.8 | 12.8 (10.7, 15.2) | 7.5 | 6.8 (5.0, 9.0) |
≥65 | 39.7 | 61.4 (59.8, 62.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 1.2 | 20.7 (15.1, 27.7) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — |
Tetanus vaccination (past 10 years) | ||||||||
≥18 | 175.3 | 65.2 (64.4, 66.0) | 17.0 | 57.0 (54.3, 59.7) | 19.0 | 58.6 (56.3, 60.9) | 20.3 | 48.1 (45.7, 50.5) |
18–64 | 135.6 | 67.9 (67.0, 68.8) | 15.8 | 58.3 (55.5, 61.1) | 18.9 | 58.8 (56.5, 61.1) | 20.1 | 48.3 (45.9, 50.7) |
≥65 | 39.7 | 55.8 (54.3, 57.4) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 1.2 | 40.1 (31.4, 49.6) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — |
Tetanus vaccination including pertussis vaccine (past 7 years) | ||||||||
≥18 | 175.3 | 16.2 (15.4, 17.0) | 17.0 | 11.0 (9.1, 13.3) | 19.0 | 11.0 (9.2, 13.2) | 20.3 | 6.0 (4.8, 7.6) |
18–64 | 135.6 | 18.6 (17.7, 19.5) | 15.8 | 11.8 (9.7, 14.2) | 18.9 | 11.1 (9.2, 13.3) | 20.1 | 6.1 (4.8, 7.6) |
≥65 | 39.7 | 8.3 (7.3, 9.5) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 1.2 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — |
Hepatitis A vaccination (≥2 doses) | ||||||||
18–49 among travelers | 32.6 | 19.9 (18.2, 21.7) | 5.1 | 18.9 (15.4, 23.0) | 3.9 | 17.7 (13.5, 22.8) | 5.1 | 15.8 (12.4, 20.0) |
Hepatitis B vaccination (≥3 doses) | ||||||||
18–49 | 87.0 | 38.6 (37.3, 39.8) | 12.8 | 34.3 (31.4, 37.3) | 13.9 | 29.5 (26.9, 32.3) | 16.8 | 25.8 (23.4, 28.3) |
≥18 with diabetes | 18.8 | 21.3 (19.4, 23.4) | 0.3 | — | 1.5 | 21.8 (15.8, 29.2) | 0.5 | — |
18–64 with diabetes | 10.6 | 28.6 (25.6, 31.8) | 0.2 | — | 1.5 | 21.9 (15.9, 29.3) | 0.5 | — |
≥65 with diabetes | 8.2 | 12.1 (9.9, 14.6) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.1 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Shingles vaccination (ever received) | ||||||||
≥60 | 55.0 | 21.2 (20.1, 22.4) | 2.0 | 8.9 (5.8, 13.5) | 1.6 | 7.6 (4.6, 12.5) | 1.0 | — |
60–64 | 15.2 | 15.6 (13.8, 17.6) | 0.7 | — | 1.4 | 7.8 (4.6, 13.1) | 0.9 | — |
≥65 | 39.7 | 23.4 (22.0, 24.8) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by χ2 test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 years with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 1.2 | 11.6 (7.4, 17.7) | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — |
Human papillomavirus vaccination (≥1 dose) | ||||||||
18–26 male | 10.4 | 5.1 (3.5, 7.4) | 2.8 | — | 2.0 | — | 3.6 | — |
18–26 female | 12.6 | 42.0 (38.7, 45.4) | 2.1 | 24.6 (17.7, 33.2) | 2.2 | 22.7 (17.0, 29.5) | 2.0 | 19.0 (13.7, 25.8) |
With health insurance | Without health insurance | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physician contacts in the past 12 months | Physician contacts in the past 12 months | |||||||||||||||
None | 1–3 | 4–9 | ≥10 | None | 1–3 | 4–9 | ≥10 | |||||||||
Vaccination | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) |
Influenza vaccination (2011–2012 season) | ||||||||||||||||
≥18 | 20.5 | 20.7 (18.6, 23.1) | 71.7 | 39.9 (38.4, 41.5) | 42.2 | 55.8 (53.7, 57.9) | 23.1 | 58.1 (55.3, 60.9) | 15.8 | 8.0 (6.4, 9.9) | 11.6 | 14.8 (12.5, 17.6) | 3.5 | 28.7 (22.2, 36.7) | 2.0 | 39.3 (29.8, 50.5) |
18–64 | 18.5 | 19.1 (16.8, 21.6) | 59.8 | 34.7 (33.0, 36.4) | 29.7 | 47.0 (44.6, 49.4) | 16.7 | 50.3 (46.9, 53.7) | 15.7 | 7.9 (6.3, 9.8) | 11.5 | 14.8 (12.4, 17.6) | 3.5 | 28.7 (22.2, 36.7) | 1.9 | 39.1 (29.6, 50.3) |
≥65 | 2.0 | 35.7 (29.3, 43.0) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 12.0 | 66.1 (63.0, 69.2) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 12.5 | 76.0 (72.9, 78.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 6.5 | 78.3 (74.3, 82.0) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Pneumococcal vaccination (ever received) | ||||||||||||||||
18–64 HR | 6.0 | 8.9 (6.7, 11.8) | 19.2 | 17.8 (15.9, 19.9) | 14.1 | 24.3 (22.0, 26.8) | 10.3 | 39.0 (35.6, 42.5) | 6.6 | 6.1 (4.4, 8.3) | 5.3 | 10.4 (8.2, 13.1) | 2.1 | 17.8 (13.1, 23.8) | 1.2 | 14.8 (10.1, 21.2) |
≥65 | 2.6 | 31.3 (26.2, 36.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 15.0 | 55.7 (53.2, 58.1) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 14.7 | 64.8 (62.3, 67.2) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 8.2 | 69.8 (66.5, 72.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.2 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Tetanus vaccination (past 10 years) | ||||||||||||||||
≥18 | 26.0 | 55.4 (53.4, 57.5) | 86.9 | 64.3 (63.1, 65.5) | 49.2 | 65.5 (64.0, 67.0) | 28.5 | 71.6 (69.9, 73.4) | 19.2 | 46.7 (44.2, 49.2) | 13.5 | 56.9 (54.1, 59.7) | 4.0 | 61.2 (55.8, 66.2) | 2.3 | 71.5 (65.0, 77.3) |
18–64 | 23.4 | 57.4 (55.2, 59.6) | 71.9 | 66.3 (65.0, 67.6) | 34.5 | 69.7 (68.0, 71.4) | 20.3 | 75.0 (73.0, 77.0) | 19.0 | 46.9 (44.4, 49.4) | 13.4 | 57.0 (54.2, 59.8) | 3.9 | 61.5 (56.2, 66.6) | 2.3 | 71.5 (64.9, 77.2) |
≥65 | 2.6 | 37.6 (32.6, 42.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 15.0 | 54.3 (51.7, 56.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 14.7 | 55.4 (52.9, 57.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 8.2 | 63.1 (59.9, 66.3) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.2 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Tetanus vaccination including pertussis vaccine (past 7 years) | ||||||||||||||||
≥18 | 26.0 | 9.5 (8.1, 11.2) | 86.9 | 16.2 (15.2, 17.3) | 49.2 | 16.3 (14.9, 17.7) | 28.5 | 19.6 (17.6, 21.8) | 19.2 | 5.4 (4.3, 6.7) | 13.5 | 9.5 (7.6, 11.9) | 4.0 | 13.5 (9.8, 18.2) | 2.3 | 19.8 (12.6, 29.7) |
18–64 | 23.4 | 10.0 (8.5, 11.8) | 71.9 | 18.1 (16.9, 19.3) | 34.5 | 19.6 (17.9, 21.5) | 20.3 | 24.0 (21.4, 26.8) | 19.0 | 5.4 (4.4, 6.7) | 13.4 | 9.6 (7.7, 12.0) | 3.9 | 13.6 (9.9, 18.4) | 2.3 | 19.8 (12.6, 29.7) |
≥65 | 2.6 | — | 15.0 | 7.6 (6.1, 9.3) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 14.7 | 8.6 (7.0, 10.5) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 8.2 | 9.4 (7.2, 12.2) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.2 | 0.0 (—) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.1 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Hepatitis A vaccination (≥2 doses) | ||||||||||||||||
18–49 among travelers | 6.2 | 17.3 (14.2, 21.0) | 18.8 | 18.2 (16.2, 20.4) | 8.1 | 20.7 (17.5, 24.4) | 4.6 | 28.0 (23.3, 33.3) | 4.4 | 15.2 (11.4, 19.8) | 3.3 | 17.7 (13.2, 23.4) | 0.8 | 17.9 (11.2, 27.6) | 0.5 | 21.2 (12.0, 34.6) |
Hepatitis B vaccination (≥ 3doses) | ||||||||||||||||
18–49 | 18.1 | 32.4 (30.0, 35.0) | 48.2 | 36.3 (34.6, 38.0) | 20.4 | 41.8 (39.4, 44.4) | 12.4 | 47.5 (44.0, 51.0) | 15.8 | 22.4 (20.1, 24.9) | 10.3 | 32.1 (29.1, 35.2) | 2.5 | 36.6 (30.2, 43.5) | 1.8 | 31.2 (23.9, 39.7) |
≥18 with diabetes | 0.6 | 22.1 (12.6, 35.8) | 5.2 | 21.2 (17.7, 25.1) | 7.6 | 19.8 (17.1, 22.9) | 5.3 | 23.5 (19.9, 27.5) | 0.4 | — | 0.7 | 21.5 (12.8, 33.9) | 0.7 | 20.9 (12.0, 33.8) | 0.3 | 27.3 (14.4, 45.7) |
18–64 with diabetes | 0.4 | 29.2 (15.8, 47.4) | 3.3 | 26.8 (21.9, 32.3) | 4.1 | 28.5 (24.0, 33.4) | 2.9 | 30.9 (25.2, 37.2) | 0.3 | — | 0.7 | 21.7 (12.9, 34.2) | 0.7 | 20.5 (11.6, 33.6) | 0.3 | 28.0 (14.7, 46.7) |
≥65 with diabetes | 0.2 | — | 1.9 | 11.7 (8.0, 16.8) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 3.5 | 9.7 (7.2, 13.0) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 2.4 | 15.1 (10.8, 20.9) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Shingles vaccination (ever received) | ||||||||||||||||
≥60 | 3.8 | 7.9 (5.7, 10.7) | 22.0 | 21.3 (19.7, 23.0) | 19.5 | 21.6 (19.7, 23.5) | 10.8 | 23.1 (20.6, 25.9) | 0.9 | — | 1.0 | — | 0.5 | — | 0.1 | — |
60–64 | 1.2 | — | 7.0 | 16.8 (14.1, 19.8) | 4.9 | 14.8 (11.5, 18.9) | 2.6 | 15.8 (11.9, 20.7) | 0.7 | — | 0.9 | — | 0.5 | — | 0.1 | — |
≥65 | 2.6 | 8.9 (6.5, 12.1) | 15.0 | 23.4 (21.5, 25.4) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 14.7 | 23.8 (21.7, 26.1) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 8.2 | 25.5 (22.6, 28.7) ⁎⁎ p<0.05 by t test (comparing persons 18–64 years with ≥65 years for influenza, tetanus, and Tdap; persons 18–64 years with high-risk conditions to persons ≥65 years for pneumococcal; persons 18–64 years with diabetes with ≥65 with diabetes for Hepatitis B; persons 60–64 years with ≥65 years for shingles). HR, high risk. | 0.2 | — | 0.1 | — | 0.0 | — | 0.0 | — |
Human papillomavirus vaccination (≥1 dose) | ||||||||||||||||
18–26 male | 4.1 | — | 6.8 | 5.1 (3.2, 7.9) | 1.4 | — | 0.7 | — | 3.6 | — | 1.6 | — | 0.2 | — | 0.2 | — |
18–26 female | 1.7 | 28.6 (19.7, 39.5) | 6.9 | 41.2 (36.5, 46.1) | 3.7 | 43.0 (37.5, 48.7) | 2.3 | 38.6 (31.3, 46.5) | 1.6 | 17.3 (11.6, 24.9) | 1.6 | 21.0 (14.7, 29.2) | 0.5 | 30.3 (17.5, 47.2) | 0.4 | 26.2 (15.2, 41.2) |
2012 | 2001 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With health insurance | Without health insurance | Difference | With health insurance | Without health insurance | Difference | |
Vaccination | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
Influenza vaccination (past 12 months) | ||||||
≥18 | 44.3 (43.3, 45.4) | 14.4 (12.8, 16.1) | 29.9 | 29.1 (28.5, 29.8) | 9.9 (9.1, 10.9) | 19.2 |
18–64 | 37.3 (36.2, 38.5) | 14.3 (12.8, 16.0) | 23.0 | 21.3 (20.7, 22.0) | 9.6 (8.8, 10.5) | 11.7 |
≥65 | 70.5 (68.6, 72.4) | 23.4 (12.9, 40.1) | 47.1 | 63.3 (61.9, 64.7) | 38.1 (24.3, 54.1) | 25.1 |
Pneumococcal vaccination (ever received) | ||||||
18–64 HR | 23.0 (21.7, 24.4) | 9.8 (8.4, 11.4) | 13.2 | 18.3 (16.9, 19.7) | 11.3 (8.7, 14.4) | 7.0 |
≥65 | 60.2 (58.7, 61.7) | — | — | 54.2 (52.6, 55.7) | 23.5 (12.9, 38.9) | 30.6 |
Hepatitis B vaccination (≥3 doses) | ||||||
18–49 | 38.0 (36.9, 39.2) | 27.5 (25.7, 29.3) | 10.6 | 26.1 (25.2, 27.1) | 19.3 (17.8, 20.8) | 6.8 |
≥18 with diabetes | 21.3 (19.4, 23.3) | 20.2 (15.0, 26.5) | 1.1 | 12.7 (11.1, 14.5) | 17.6 (12.3, 24.4) | –4.9 |
18–64 with diabetes | 28.5 (25.5, 31.6) | 20.2 (15.0, 26.7) | 8.2 | 18.7 (16.2, 21.6) | 16.6 (11.5, 23.3) | 2.1 |
≥65 with diabetes | 12.0 (9.9, 14.5) | — | — | 4.2 (2.9, 6.1) | — | — |
With health insurance | Without health insurance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccination | Adjusted a vaccination coverage (95% CI)Multivariable logistic model was conducted to get adjusted vaccination coverage (adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, employment status, poverty level, number of physician contacts in the past year, usual source of care, self-reported health status, U.S.-born status, region of residence). | Adjusted prevalence ratio(95 % CI) | Adjusted vaccination coverage(95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95 % CI) | Difference |
Influenza vaccination (2011–2012 season) | |||||
≥18 | 30.9 (29.8, 32.0) | ref | 20.0 (17.8, 22.4) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 10.9 |
Pneumococcal vaccination (ever received) | |||||
18–64 HR | 14.6 (13.0, 16.4) | ref | 10.1 (8.3, 12.2) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 4.5 |
≥65 | 51.9 (49.4, 54.3) | ref | 41.6 (21.5, 65.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 10.3 |
Tetanus vaccination (past 10 years) | |||||
≥18 | 61.3 (60.1, 62.4) | ref | 57.5 (55.3, 59.7) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 3.8 |
Tetanus vaccination including pertussis vaccine (past 7 years) | |||||
≥18 | 13.9 (13.1, 14.8) | ref | 10.6 (8.9, 12.5) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 3.4 |
Hepatitis A vaccination (≥2 doses) | |||||
18–49 among travelers | 17.7 (15.9, 19.6) | ref | 17.9 (14.1, 22.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | –0.2 |
Hepatitis B vaccination (≥3 doses) | |||||
18–49 | 33.6 (32.1, 35.1) | ref | 32.1 (29.6, 34.7) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.5 |
≥18 with diabetes | 22.3 (18.6, 26.6) | ref | 19.4 (12.1, 29.6) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) | 2.9 |
Shingles vaccination (ever received) | |||||
≥60 | 18.7 (17.1, 20.4) | ref | 15.5 (9.2, 25.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 3.1 |
Human papillomavirus vaccination (≥1 dose) | |||||
18–26 male | — | ref | — | — | — |
18–26 female | 34.9 (30.9, 39.2) | ref | 29.5 (22.6, 37.5) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 5.4 |
Discussion
U.S. Census Bureau. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2011. www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p60-243.pdf
Medicare coverage of vaccines and immunizations. www.medicareinteractive.org/page2.php?topic=counselor&page=script&script_id=1519.
Healthy People 2020. Topics & objectives—immunization and infectious diseases. www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases/objectives.
Healthy People 2020. Explore the latest data from the immunization and infectious diseases and global health progress review. www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases/objectives.
CDC. Immunization Grant Program (Section 317). www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/guides-pubs/index.html.
Merck Vaccine Patient Assistance Program. www.merckhelps.com/VPAP/.
Merck Vaccine Patient Assistance Program. www.merckhelps.com/VPAP/.
Guide to Community Preventive Services. www.thecommunityguide.org/vaccines/healthsysteminterventions.html.
Limitations
Conclusions
Guide to Community Preventive Services. www.thecommunityguide.org/vaccines/healthsysteminterventions.html.
111th Congress. Public Law 111-148 - March. 23, 2010. 124 STAT. 119 (H.R. 3590). An act entitled: the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf.
Guide to Community Preventive Services. www.thecommunityguide.org/vaccines/healthsysteminterventions.html.
Acknowledgments
References
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