Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Introduction
National Health Interview Survey. QuickStats: percentage of adults* who reported being deaf or having a lot of trouble hearing without a hearing aid, by sex and age group—United States, 2003. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5425a5.htm. Accessed December 1, 2015.
Stern CSA. DeafDOC.org: health education for the deaf and hard of hearing community, interpreters, and healthcare professionals. http://deafdoc.org. Published 2014. Accessed August 30, 2014.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Causes of hearing loss in children. www.asha.org/public/hearing/Causes-of-Hearing-Loss-in-Children. Accessed April 15, 2016.
Methods
Data Sample
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Introduction to the HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2011. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nis/NIS_Introduction_2011.jsp#sampling. Published November 2015. Accessed December 12, 2015.
Hearing loss | ICD-9 codes |
---|---|
Conductive hearing loss | 389.0 |
Sensorineural hearing loss | 389.1 |
Mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss | 389.2 |
Deaf nonspeaking, not elsewhere classifiable | 389.7 |
Other specified forms of hearing loss | 389.8 |
Unspecified hearing loss | 389.9 |
Measures
Statistical Analysis
Results
Characteristic | Women without HL, n (%) (n=3,264,675) | Women with HL, n (%) (n=1,902) | Test statistics (F test) |
---|---|---|---|
Racial and ethnic identity | 5.02*** | ||
Non-Hispanic white | 1,467,699 (45.0) | 937 (49.4) | |
Non-Hispanic black | 391,909 (12.1) | 257 (13.4) | |
Hispanic | 640,596 (19.5) | 322 (16.8) | |
Non-Hispanic other | 304,255 (9.3) | 135 (7.2) | |
Missing | 460,216 (14.1) | 251 (13.2) | |
Age group (age in years at admission) | 8.89*** | ||
<24 | 1,088,774 (33.4) | 579 (30.3) | |
25–34 | 1,701,490 (52.2) | 987 (51.9) | |
>34 | 471,537 (14.5) | 335 (17.8) | |
Insurance payer type | 743.60*** | ||
Medicare | 20,035 (0.6) | 253 (13.4) | |
Medicaid | 1,412,676 (43.3) | 810 (42.6) | |
Private insurance | 1,629,797 (50.1) | 744 (39.3) | |
Uninsured | 197,286 (6.1) | 92 (4.9) | |
Comorbidity a Comorbidity variable is generated using the AHRQ comorbidity software.64 Patients are considered to have comorbidity if their discharge records show that they have one more of the 29 types of patient comorbidities identified by AHRQ using standard methods by Elixhauser.38 AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; HCUP, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; HL, hearing loss; NIS, nationwide inpatient sample. | 232.5*** | ||
One or more comorbidities | 778,800 (23.8) | 761 (40.0) | |
No comorbidity | 2,485,875 (76.2) | 1,141 (60.0) | |
Region of hospital | 1.36 | ||
Northeast | 505,269 (15.9) | 296 (16.2) | |
Midwest | 698,971 (21.6) | 418 (22.8) | |
South | 1,238,350 (37.9) | 663 (34.5) | |
West | 822,085 (24.7) | 525 (27.3) | |
Hospital location and teaching status | 12.72*** | ||
Rural | 364,844 (11.5) | 172 (9.2) | |
Urban non-teaching | 1,362,573 (42.0) | 680 (35.7) | |
Urban teaching | 1,494,352 (46.5) | 1,033 (55.1) | |
Control/ownership of hospital | 6.36* | ||
Government, non-federal (public) | 458,367 (13.9) | 283 (14.7) | |
Private, not-for-profit (voluntary) | 2,343,123 (72.9) | 1,435 (76.4) | |
Private, investor-owned (proprietary) | 420,279 (13.3) | 167 (8.9) | |
Median household income for patient’s ZIP code | 2.01 | ||
1st quartile: $1–$38,999 | 856,850 (26.8) | 552 (29.6) | |
2nd quartile: $39,000–$47,999 | 815,225 (25.5) | 449 (24.1) | |
3rd quartile: $48,000–$62,999 | 802,771 (25.0) | 473 (25.1) | |
4th quartile: ≥$63,000 | 729,487 (22.7) | 398 (21.3) | |
Age (in years), M (SE) | 27.6 (0.07) | 28.5 (0.16) | 27.18*** |
McCarthy J. Deaf people and social security. http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=119476&sid=4748939. Published March 2014. Accessed June 3, 2015.
Outcomes | Women without HL, n (%) (n=3,264,675) | Women with HL, n (%) (n=1,902) | Test statistics (F test) |
---|---|---|---|
Birth outcomes | |||
Preterm birth | 233,974 (7.20) | 189 (9.97) | 19.71*** |
Low birth weight | 71,289 (2.18) | 60 (3.13) | 7.54*** |
Variables | Preterm birth, OR (95% CI) (n=2,708,127) | Low birth weight, OR (95% CI) (n=2,708,127) |
---|---|---|
Hearing status | ||
Women without HL (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Women with HL | 1.28** (1.08, 1.52) | 1.43* (1.09, 1.90) |
Age (in years) | ||
<24 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
25–34 | 0.96*** (0.95, 0.97) | 0.74*** (0.72, 0.76) |
>34 | 1.15*** (1.13, 1.18) | 0.81*** (0.78, 0.84) |
Race and ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic white (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Non-Hispanic black | 1.31*** (1.26, 1.37) | 1.27*** (1.20, 1.34) |
Hispanic | 0.91*** (0.86, 0.97) | 0.65*** (0.60, 0.71) |
Non-Hispanic other | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 1.10*** (1.04, 1.17) |
Type of insurance coverage | ||
Private insurance (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Public insurance | 1.12*** (1.09, 1.14) | 1.09** (1.04, 1.13) |
Uninsured | 1.18*** (1.11, 1.26) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) |
Comorbidity a Comorbidity variable is generated using the AHRQ comorbidity software.64 Patients are considered to have comorbidity if their discharge records show that they have one more of the 29 types of patient comorbidities identified by AHRQ using standard methods by Elixhauser.38 AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; HCUP, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; HL, hearing loss. | ||
No comorbidity | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
One or more comorbidities | 1.58*** (1.53, 1.63) | 1.40*** (1.35, 1.46) |
Region of hospital | ||
Northeast (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Midwest | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) |
South | 1.18*** (1.09, 1.28) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) |
West | 1.15*** (1.06, 1.25) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) |
Hospital location and teaching status | ||
Urban teaching (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Rural | 0.61*** (0.55, 0.67) | 0.76*** (0.67, 0.85) |
Urban non-teaching | 0.74*** (0.69, 0.79) | 0.83*** (0.76, 0.91) |
Ownership of hospital | ||
Private (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Public | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) |
Median household income for patient’s ZIP code | ||
4th quartile: ≥$63,000 (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
1st quartile: $1–$38,999 | 1.17*** (1.11, 1.22) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) |
2nd quartile: $39,000–$47,999 | 1.08*** (1.04, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.09) |
3rd quartile: $48,000–$62,999 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) |
Year | ||
Calendar year=2008 (ref) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
Calendar year=2009 | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) |
Calendar year=2010 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 1.21*** (1.11, 1.33) |
Calendar year=2011 | 0.88*** (0.82, 0.93) | 1.20*** (1.10, 1.31) |
McCarthy J. Deaf people and social security. http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=119476&sid=4748939. Published March 2014. Accessed June 3, 2015.
Discussion
McCarthy J. Deaf people and social security. http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=119476&sid=4748939. Published March 2014. Accessed June 3, 2015.
Limitations
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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