Context
Influenza vaccination rates remain below Healthy People 2020 goals. This project sought to systematically review economic evaluations of healthcare-based
quality improvement interventions for improving influenza vaccination uptake among
general populations and healthcare workers.
Evidence acquisition
The databases MEDLINE, Econlit, Centre for Reviews & Dissemination, Greylit, and Worldcat
were searched in July 2016 for papers published from January 2004 to July 2016. Eligible
studies evaluated efforts by bodies within the healthcare system to encourage influenza
vaccination by means of an organizational or structural change. For each study, program
costs per enrollee and per additional enrollee vaccinated were derived (excluding
vaccine costs, standardized to 2017 U.S. dollars). Complete economic evaluations were
examined when available.
Evidence synthesis
Of 2,350 records, 18 articles were eligible and described 29 unique interventions.
Most interventions improved vaccine uptake. Among 23 interventions in general populations,
the median program cost was $3.27 (interquartile range, $0.82–$11.53) per enrollee
and $50.78 (interquartile range, $27.85–$124.84) per additional enrollee vaccinated.
Among ten complete economic evaluations in general populations, three studies reported
net cost savings, four reported costs <$50,000 per quality-adjusted life year, and
three reported costs <$60,000 per life saved. Among six interventions in healthcare
workers, the median program cost was $8.09 (interquartile range, $5.03–$10.31) per
worker enrolled and $125.24 (interquartile range, $96.06–$171.38) per additional worker
vaccinated (there were no complete economic analyses).
Conclusions
Quality improvement interventions for influenza vaccination involve per-enrollee costs
that are similar to the cost of the vaccine itself ($11.78–$36.08/dose). Based on
limited available evidence in general populations, quality improvement interventions
may be cost saving to cost effective for the health system.
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