Introduction
This study identifies mental health, tobacco prevention, alcohol/beer, food/beverage,
pharmaceutical, and other health-related advertisements across Spanish- and English-language
TV networks owned by the same parent media company in the U.S. as commercial determinants
of health disparities for Latino populations and/or viewers of Spanish-language TV.
Methods
A 3-week composite sample of Telemundo and National Broadcasting Company prime-time
TV owned by the same parent media company was randomly drawn from March 31, 2021 to
June 12, 2021 in Houston, Texas. A total of 1,593 health-related advertisements were
yielded for systematic content analysis. Analyses included intercoder reliability,
descriptive and bivariate analysis, and rate ratio and rate difference calculations.
Results
Telemundo had significantly more health-adverse and fewer health-beneficial advertisements
than National Broadcasting Company. Telemundo broadcasted about 11 more alcohol (95%
CI=9.1, 12.5) and 5 more unhealthy/noncore food/beverages (95% CI=2.0, 7.2) advertisements
per hour of TV advertisement programming than the National Broadcasting Company. Telemundo
also broadcasted about 1 fewer mental health/tobacco prevention (95% CI= −0.9, −0.2),
3 fewer healthy/core food/beverages (95% CI= −1.5, −4.3), and 4 fewer pharmaceutical
(95% CI= −2.4, −5.7) advertisements per hour of advertisement programming than the
National Broadcasting Company.
Conclusions
Overall greater health-adverse and fewer health-beneficial advertisements are broadcasted
on Spanish-language than on English-language TV. Unchecked corporate marketing strategies
may serve as a commercial determinant of health disparities for Latino populations
by Spanish-language TV.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to American Journal of Preventive MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
REFERENCES
- The Food and Drug Administration's regulation of tobacco: the Center for Tobacco Products’ Office of Science.Am J Prev Med. 2012; 43 (suppl 3): S255-S263https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.004
- Evaluating industry self-regulation of food marketing to children.Am J Prev Med. 2015; 49: 181-187https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.027
- Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior.Health Psychol. 2009; 28: 404-413https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014399
- Lethal but Legal.Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom2014
- Controlling disease and creating disparities: a fundamental cause perspective.J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005; 60: 27-33https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_2.S27
- Volume of tobacco advertising in African American markets: systematic review and meta-analysis.Public Health Rep. 2007; 122: 607-615https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200508
- A systematic review of neighborhood disparities in point-of-sale tobacco marketing.Am J Public Health. 2015; 105: e8-e18https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302777
- Neighborhood differences in alternative tobacco product availability and advertising in New York City: implications for health disparities.Nicotine Tob Res. 2019; 21: 896-902https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty244
- Alcohol availability and targeted advertising in racial/ethnic minority communities.Alcohol Health Res World. 1998; 22: 286-289
- Television food advertising to children: a global perspective.Am J Public Health. 2010; 100: 1730-1736https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179267
Harris JL, Frazier W, Kumanyika S, Ramirez AG. Increasing disparities in unhealthy food advertising targeted to Hispanics and Black youth. Hartford, CT: UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity Rudd report.https://media.ruddcenter.uconn.edu/PDFs/TargetedMarketingReport2019.pdf. Published January 2019. Accessed February 17, 2022.
- The corporate determinants of health: how big business affects our health, and the need for government action!.Can J Public Health. 2013; 104: e327-e329https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.104.3849
- The commercial determinants of health.Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: e895-e896https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30217-0
- Revisiting the corporate and commercial determinants of health.Am J Public Health. 2018; 108: 1167-1170https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304510
- A systematic review of the impact of media reports of severe mental illness on stigma and discrimination, and interventions that aim to mitigate any adverse impact.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019; 54: 11-31https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1608-9
- Media and Health.Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA2003https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216286
- Food advertisements on television and eating habits in adolescents: a school-based study.Rev Saude Publica. 2020; 54: 55https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001558
- Providing health messages to Hispanics/Latinos: understanding the importance of language, trust in health information sources, and media use.J Health Commun. 2010; 15: 252-263https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.522697
- Media language preferences and mental illness stigma among Latinx adolescents.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020; 55: 929-939https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01792-w
- Evaluation, use, and usefulness of prescription drug information sources among Anglo and Hispanic Americans.J Health Commun. 2010; 15: 18-38https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730903460526
- Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale.Am J Public Health. 2000; 90: 1212-1215https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212
- Rethinking racism: toward a structural interpretation.Am Sociol Rev. 1997; 62: 465-480https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316
- Power in America: diversity among Fortune 500 CEOs from 2000 to 2020: White women, hi-tech South Asians, and economically privileged multilingual immigrants from around the world. Who rules America?.University of California at Santa Cruz sociology department, Santa Cruz, CA2021 (Published JanuaryAccessed February 17, 2022)
- What arguments and from whom are most influential in shaping public health policy: thematic content analysis of responses to a public consultation on the regulation of television food advertising to children in the UK.BMJ Open. 2019; 9e028221https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028221
- Commercial determinants of health: advertising of alcohol and unhealthy foods during sporting events.Bull World Health Organ. 2019; 97: 290-295https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.220087
- Promotion of smoking cessation with emotional and/or graphic antismoking advertising.Am J Prev Med. 2012; 43: 475-482https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.023
- Media and technology use among Hispanics/Latinos in New York: implications for health communication programs [published correction appears in J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016;3(3):518].J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016; 3: 508-517https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0169-9
- What Univision's milestone says about U.S. demographics.Pew Research Center, Washington, DC2013 (Published July 29Accessed November 15, 2021)
- Univision is, no. 1 broadcast network among young adults 18–34 on Thursday and Sunday Night.Televisa Univision. 2019; (May 29) (Accessed November 15, 2021)
- Targeting of enrollment assistance resources in health insurance television advertising: a comparison of Spanish- vs. English-language ads.J Health Commun. 2020; 25: 605-612https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1818150
- Frequency and types of foods advertised on Saturday morning and weekday afternoon English- and Spanish-language American television programs.J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009; 41: 406-413https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2008.05.008
- Amount of Hispanic youth exposure to food and beverage advertising on Spanish- and English-language television.JAMA Pediatr. 2013; 167: 723-730https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.137
- Food marketing to children on U.S. Spanish-language television.J Health Commun. 2013; 18: 1084-1096https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.768732
- Comida en venta: after-school advertising on Spanish-language television in the United States.J Pediatr. 2008; 152: 576-581https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.011
- Adults: national health interview survey.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021 (Updated March 1Accessed November 15, 2021)
- Racial and ethnic disparities in adult obesity in the United States.: CDC's tracking to inform state and local action.Prev Chronic Dis. 2019; 16: E46https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.180579
- Ethnicity and health disparities in alcohol research.Alcohol Res Health. 2010; 33: 152-160https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21209793/Date accessed: May 27, 2022
- Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research.4th Edition. Routledge, New York, NY2019https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429464287
Braveman P, Arkin E, Orleans T, Proctor D, Plough A. What is health equity?, Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2017.https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2017/05/what-is-health-equity-.html. Published May 1. Accessed May 27, 2022.
2020 Census results. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/2020/2020-census-results.html. Updated October 2021. Accessed November 15, 2021.
- Mind the gap: understanding the effects of pharmaceutical direct-to-consumer advertising.Med Care. 2014; 52: 291-293https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000126
- Racial and ethnic disparities in response to direct-to-consumer advertising.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010; 67: 1185-1190https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp090600
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020–2025.9th Edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, HHS, Washington, DC2020 (www.DietaryGuidelines.gov. PublishedAccessed February 10, 2022)
- Ways to enhance children's activity and nutrition.HHS, Washington, DC2005 (www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan. PublishedAccessed February 10, 2022)
- Research issues for improving treatment of U.S. Hispanics with persistent mental disorders.Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58: 385-394https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.3.385
- A qualitative analysis of the perception of stigma among Latinos receiving antidepressants.Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58: 1591-1594https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.12.1591
- Adolescent views of mental illness stigma: an intersectional lens.Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020; 90: 201-211https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000425
- Leveraging Latinx and Spanish-language media to achieve mental health equity.Psychiatr Serv. 2022; (In press. Online:appips202100147)https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202100147
- Facts on Latinos in the U.S.Pew Research Center, Washington, DC2019 (Published September 16Accessed February 17, 2022)
- More Hispanic Americans are buying homes, helping stoke hot housing market.The Wall Street Journal. 2017; (April 20) (Accessed November 15, 2021)
Limon N, Smeraski J, Murillo C, Ruiz B, Lucero M. 2020 State of Hispanic homeownership report. San Diego, CA: National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals. https://nahrep.org/downloads/2020-state-of-hispanic-homeownership-report.pdf. Published 2020. Accessed November 15, 2021.
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: June 06, 2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofIdentification
Copyright
© 2022 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
