Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to American Journal of Preventive MedicineREFERENCES
- The state of U.S. health, 1990–2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.JAMA. 2013; 310: 591-608https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.13805
- Deaths and years of potential life lost from excessive alcohol use–United States, 2011–2015.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69: 1428-1433https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6939a6
- Deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022 (Updated July 6, 2022. Accessed April 26)
- Alcohol and cancer: a statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36: 83-93https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155
- Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study.Lancet Oncol. 2021; 22: 1071-1080https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00279-5
- Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States.Am J Public Health. 2013; 103: 641-648https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301199
- Global Status report on alcohol and health 2018.WHO, Geneva, Switzerland2018 (Published. Accessed November 10, 2021)
- Key findings on alcohol consumption and a variety of health outcomes from the Nurses’ Health Study.Am J Public Health. 2016; 106: 1586-1591https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303336
- Personal habits and indoor combustions.International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France2012 (Published. Accessed July 7, 2022)
- Preventable exposures associated with human cancers.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103: 1827-1839https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr483
- The role of alcohol use in the aetiology and progression of liver disease: a narrative review and a quantification.Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021; 40: 1377-1386https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13286
- Heavy drinking among U.S. adults. 2018.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA2020 (Published August 18. Accessed May 12, 2022)
- Health warning labels on alcoholic beverages: opportunities for informed and healthier choices.WHO, Geneva, Switzerland2022 (Published March 22. Accessed July 5, 2022)
- Cancer warning labels on alcohol containers: a consumer's right to know, a government's responsibility to inform, and an industry's power to thwart.J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020; 81: 284-292https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.284
- Long-term effects of alcohol warning labels: findings from a comparison of the United States and Ontario, Canada.Psychol Mark. 1999; 16: 261-282https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199905)16:3≤261::AID-MAR5≥3.0.CO;2-Z
- Health information, messaging and warnings on alcohol packaging: a focus group study with young adult drinkers in Scotland.Addict Res Theor. 2021; 29: 469-478https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2021.1884229
- Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review.Tob Control. 2011; 20: 327-337https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.037630
- Alcohol warning label perceptions: do warning sizes and plain packaging matter?.J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2017; 78: 79-87https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2017.78.79
- The impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings: systematic review of longitudinal observational studies.Soc Sci Med. 2016; 164: 118-129https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.011
- Effect of pictorial cigarette pack warnings on changes in smoking behavior: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Intern Med. 2016; 176: 905-912https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2621
- The effect of graphic warnings on sugary-drink purchasing.Psychol Sci. 2018; 29: 1321-1333https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618766361
- Impact of E-cigarette health warnings on motivation to vape and smoke.Tob Control. 2019; 28: e64-e70https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054878
- The effect of pictorial content on attention levels and alcohol-related beliefs: an eye-tracking study.J Appl Soc Psychol. 2017; 47: 158-164https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12432
- The influence of front-of-package nutrition labeling on consumer behavior and product reformulation.Annu Rev Nutr. 2021; 41: 529-550https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-094932
- Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies.Tob Control. 2016; 25: 341-354https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act of 1988. GovInfo.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2014-title27/pdf/USCODE-2014-title27-chap8-subchapII.pdf. Updated October 22, 1988. Accessed July 7, 2022.
- Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: international experience and evidence on effects.Drug Alcohol Rev. 2009; 28: 426-435https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00055.x
- Effects of strengthening alcohol labels on attention, message processing, and perceived effectiveness: a quasi-experimental study in Yukon, Canada.Int J Drug Policy. 2020; 77102666https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102666
- Examining the impact of alcohol labels on awareness and knowledge of national drinking guidelines: a real-world study in Yukon, Canada.J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020; 81: 262-272https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.262
- The effects of alcohol warning labels on population alcohol consumption: an interrupted time series analysis of alcohol sales in Yukon, Canada.J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020; 81: 225-237https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.225
- Health warning labels and alcohol selection: a randomised controlled experiment in a naturalistic shopping laboratory.Addiction. 2021; 116: 3333-3345https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15519
- Health warnings on alcoholic beverages: perceptions of the health risks and intentions towards alcohol consumption.PLoS One. 2016; 11e0153027https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153027
- Impact of health warning labels communicating the risk of cancer on alcohol selection: an online experimental study.Addiction. 2021; 116: 41-52https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15072
- Impact of health warning labels on selection and consumption of food and alcohol products: systematic review with meta-analysis.Health Psychol Rev. 2021; 15: 430-453https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1780147
- Alcohol health warnings can influence the speed of consumption.Z Gesundh Wiss. 2017; 25: 147-154https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-016-0770-3
- The impact of pictorial health warnings on purchases of sugary drinks for children: a randomized controlled trial.PLoS Med. 2022; 19e1003885https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003885
- Image-and-text health warning labels on alcohol and food: potential effectiveness and acceptability.BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 376https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8403-8
- Developing cancer warning statements for alcoholic beverages.BMC Public Health. 2014; 14: 786https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-786
- The effect of chronic disease warning statements on alcohol-related health beliefs and consumption intentions among at-risk drinkers.Health Educ Res. 2018; 33: 351-360https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyy025
- Exploring responses to differing message content of pictorial alcohol warning labels.Int J Consum Stud. 2022; (In press. Online January 27)https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12779
- Jané-Llopis E. Nature and potential impact of alcohol health warning labels: a scoping review.Nutrients. 2021; 13: 3065https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093065
- Similarities and differences in tobacco control research findings from convenience and probability samples.Ann Behav Med. 2019; 53: 476-485https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay059
- The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism.Alcohol Res Health. 2011; 34: 135-143
- Alcohol use and your health.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022 (Updated April 6, 2022. Accessed March 28)
- Risks of alcohol use disorders related to drinking patterns in the US general population.J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014; 75: 319-327https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.319
- Alcohol consumption and risk of liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2019; 114: 1574-1586https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000340
- Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.Lancet. 2018; 392: 1015-1035https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
- Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2018;391(10136):2212].Lancet. 2018; 391: 1513-1523https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X
- Patterns of drinking and mortality from different diseases–an overview.Contemp Drug Probl. 2006; 33: 205-235https://doi.org/10.1177/009145090603300203
- Meta-analysis of 16 studies of the association of alcohol with colorectal cancer.Int J Cancer. 2020; 146: 861-873https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32377
- Light alcohol drinking and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Cancer Res Treat. 2018; 50: 474-487https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.094
- Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis.Br J Cancer. 2015; 112: 580-593https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.579
- E-cigarette health harm awareness and discouragement: implications for health communication.Nicotine Tob Res. 2020; 22: 1131-1138https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz194
- Awareness of and reactions to the health harms of sugary drinks: an online study of U.S. parents.Appetite. 2021; 164105234https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105234
- Reactions to graphic and text health warnings for cigarettes, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol: an online randomized experiment of U.S. adults.Prev Med. 2020; 137106120https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106120
- Developing health and environmental warning messages about red meat: an online experiment.PLoS One. 2022; 17e0268121https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268121
- The effect of cancer warning statements on alcohol consumption intentions.Health Educ Res. 2016; 31: 60-69https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyv067
- Cigarette pack messages about toxic chemicals: a randomised clinical trial.Tob Control. 2019; 28: 74-80https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054112
- Designing warnings for sugary drinks: a randomized experiment with Latino parents and non-Latino parents.Prev Med. 2021; 148106562https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106562
Cabrera M, Machín L, Arrúa A, et al. Nutrition warnings as front-of-pack labels: influence of design features on healthfulness perception and attentional capture. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(18):3360–3371. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001700249X.
Article 42: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Ordinance, City and County of San Francisco (2021). https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/san_francisco/latest/sf_health/0-0-0-58530#JD_4203. Accessed July 7, 2022.
- How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment.Prev Med. 2019; 121: 158-166https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.010
- Causal language in health warning labels and U.S. adults’ perception: a randomized experiment.Am J Public Health. 2019; 109: 1429-1433https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305222
- FDA requires new health warnings for cigarette packages and advertisements.Food and Drug Administration, 2020 (Updated March 17. Accessed July 1, 2022)
- Countries with mandatory or voluntary interpretative labels on packaged foods and drinks.Global Food Research Program, 2021 (Updated September. Accessed June 12, 2022)
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Safety Warnings, SB-347, California Legislative (2019–2020). http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB347. Accessed February 27, 2019.
- An investigation of preferred shapes for warning labels.Hum Factors. 1982; 24: 737-742https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088202400610
- Experimental study of graphic cigarette warning labels.Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD2020 (Published February. Accessed June 12, 2022)
- UNC Perceived Message Effectiveness: validation of a brief scale.Ann Behav Med. 2019; 53: 732-742https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay080
- Understanding why pictorial cigarette pack warnings increase quit attempts.Ann Behav Med. 2019; 53: 232-243https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay032
- Does perceived message effectiveness predict the actual effectiveness of tobacco education messages? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Health Commun. 2020; 35: 148-157https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1547675
- Evaluating the actual and perceived effectiveness of E-cigarette prevention advertisements among adolescents.Addict Behav. 2020; 109106473https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106473
- Efficiently and effectively evaluating public service announcements: additional evidence for the utility of perceived effectiveness.Commun Monogr. 2013; 80: 1-23https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739706
- What do you do when the control group doesn't fit into the factorial design?.Psychol Bull. 1975; 82: 363-368https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.82.3.363
- Graphic cigarette warning labels, the first amendment, and public right to accurate public health information: graphic cigarette warning labels back under legal scrutiny.JAMA Health Forum. 2021; 2e212886https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2886
Sodium Warning, §81.49, New York City (2015).https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nyc.gov%2Fassets%2Fdoh% 2Fdownloads%2Fpdf%2Fabout%2Fhealthcode%2Fhealth-code-article81.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2021.
Sodium Safety Warning Labeling for Chain Establishments. §6-310, City of Philadelphia (2019).https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/philadelphia/latest/philadelphia_pa/0-0-0-190525#JD_6-310. Accessed July 5, 2022.
- Alcohol warning label awareness and attention: a multi-method study.Alcohol Alcohol. 2018; 53: 39-45https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx087
- Consumer perceptions of specific design characteristics for front-of-package nutrition labels.Health Educ Res. 2018; 33: 167-174https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyy006
- Warning labels: evidence on harm reduction from long-term American surveys.in: Plant M Single E Stockwell T Alcohol: Minimizing the Harm. Free Association Books, London, United Kingdom1997: 105-125