Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to American Journal of Preventive MedicineREFERENCES
Added sugars on the new Nutrition Facts label. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/added-sugars-new-nutrition-facts-label. Updated February 2, 2022. Accessed March 1, 2022.
SA Bowman, JC Clemens, JE Friday, N Schroeder and RP. LaComb, Added sugars in American children’s diet: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015–2016, Published December 2019, Department of Agriculture; Washington, DC: U.S.https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/DBrief/26_Sources%20of%20Added%20Sugars%20in%20Children's%20Diet_1516.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2022.
- Added sugars in adults’ diet: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015–2016.Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC: U.S.Published October 2019 (Accessed March 1, 2022)
- Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among U.S. adults.JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 516-524https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563
- Added sugars and cardiovascular disease risk in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2017; 135: e1017-e1034https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000439
- Added sugar and dental caries in children: a scientific update and future steps.Dent Clin North Am. 2019; 63: 17-33https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2018.08.003
- Amount and frequency of added sugars intake and their associations with dental caries in United States adults.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19: 4511https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084511
- Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.BMJ. 2012; 346: e7492https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7492
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review from 2013 to 2015 and a comparison with previous studies.Obes Facts. 2017; 10: 674-693https://doi.org/10.1159/000484566
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 2477-2483https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079
- Food patterns equivalents intakes by Americans: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2003–2004 and 2015–2016.Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC: U.SPublished November 2018https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/DBrief/20_Food_Patterns_Equivalents_0304_1516.pdf(Accessed January 11, 2022)
- Trends in added sugars intake and sources among U.S. children, adolescents, and teens using NHANES 2001–2018.J Nutr. 2022; 152: 568-578https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab395
Reduce consumption of added sugars by people aged 2 years and over—NWS10. Healthy People 2030, HHS, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/reduce-consumption-added-sugars-people-aged-2-years-and-over-nws-10. Accessed January 11, 2022.
- Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025.9th Edition. Department of Agriculture, HHS, Washington, DC: U.SPublished 2020 (Accessed January 11, 2022)
- Income and race/ethnicity are associated with adherence to food-based dietary guidance among U.S. adults and children.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112: 624-635.e6https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2011.11.012
- Disparities in sources of added sugars and high glycemic index foods in diets of U.S. children, 2011–2016.Prev Chronic Dis. 2020; 17: E139https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200091
- Sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with added sugars intake among U.S. adults.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116: 1589-1598https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.04.012
- Sources of added sugars in young children, adolescents, and adults with low and high intakes of added sugars.Nutrients. 2018; 10: 102https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010102
- Added sugars intake across the distribution of U.S. children and adult consumers: 1977–2012.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116: 1543-1550.e1https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.003
About Healthy People 2030. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/about. Accessed February 11, 2022.
Leading health indicators. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/leading-health-indicators. Accessed February 11, 2022.
About the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm. Updated December 20, 2022. Accessed December 3, 2021.
TC Chen, J Clark, MK Riddles, LK Mohadjer and THI. Fakhouri, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015–2018: sample design and estimation procedures. National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Health Stat 2, (184), 2020, 1–35. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02-184-508.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2021.
- Food patterns equivalents database 2015–2016: methodology and user guide.Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MDPublished September 2018 (Accessed December 3, 2021)
- Food patterns equivalents database 2017–2018: methodology and user guide.Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland2020
Usual dietary intakes. National Institutes of Health, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences. https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/. Updated June 8, 2022. Accessed January 9, 2022.
SAS/STAT software: survey analysis. SAS. https://support.sas.com/rnd/app/stat/procedures/SurveyAnalysis.html. Accessed February 1, 2022.
What's in the foods you eat search tool, 2017–2018. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/food-surveys-research-group/docs/whats-in-the-foods-you-eat-search-tool/. Updated November 7, 2022. Accessed January 9, 2022.
210.11 Competitive food service and standards. Code of Federal Regulations. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-7/subtitle-B/chapter-II/subchapter-A/part-210/subpart-C/section-210.11#p-210.11(h)(2). Updated February 6, 2023. Accessed March 4, 2022.
- Association of state laws regarding snacks in U.S. schools with students’ consumption of solid fats and added sugars.JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3e1918436https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18436
- Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 6CD012292https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012292.pub2
- Modelling of the impact of universal added sugar reduction through food reformulation.Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 17392https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17417-8
- What is the impact of food reformulation on individuals’ behaviour, nutrient intakes and health status? A systematic review of empirical evidence.Obes Rev. 2021; 22: e13139https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13139
- The impact of food reformulation on nutrient intakes and health, a systematic review of modelling studies.BMC Nutr. 2019; 5: 2https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-018-0263-6
- The cost of U.S. foods as related to their nutritive value.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92: 1181-1188https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29300
- Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S.Am J Prev Med. 2009; 36: 74-81https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.025
- Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States.Prev Med. 2007; 44: 189-195https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.08.008
- Protecting our youth: support policy to combat health disparities fueled by targeted food advertising.J Am Heart Assoc. 2021; 10e018900https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018900
Measurement error in nutritional epidemiology. National Institutes of Health, Division of Cancer Prevention.https://prevention.cancer.gov/research-groups/biometry/measurement-error-impact/measurement-error-0. Accessed April 29, 2022.
B Stierman, J Afful, MD Carroll, et al., National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–March 2020 prepandemic data files development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes, National Health Statistics Reports; no 158. Published June 14, 2021, National Center for Health Statistics; Hyattsville, MD, doi:10.15620/cdc:106273.
