Black/African American Health Disparities
Effects of Recent Medicaid Expansions on Infant Mortality by Race and Ethnicity
The purpose of this study is to examine year-by-year effects of the 2014 Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on infant mortality by race and ethnicity over the first 6 years.Social Support and Breastfeeding Outcomes Among a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population
Social support is a modifiable social determinant of health that shapes breastfeeding outcomes and may contribute to racial and ethnic breastfeeding disparities. This study characterizes the relationship between social support and early breastfeeding.Perinatal Care Changes During COVID-19: A Population-Based Analysis by Race/Ethnicity
The COVID-19 public health emergency created unprecedented disruptions in the use of healthcare services, which could have affected long-standing racial‒ethnic disparities in maternal care use and outcomes. This study evaluates population-level changes in perinatal health services associated with the COVID-19 pandemic overall and by maternal race‒ethnicity.COVID-19 Vaccination and Racial/Ethnic Inequities in Mortality at Midlife in Minnesota
Recent research underscores the exceptionally young age distribution of COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. compared with that of international peers. This paper characterizes how high levels of COVID-19 mortality at midlife ages (45–64 years) are deeply intertwined with continuing racial inequity in COVID-19 mortality.Intersectionality of Sexual Orientation With Race and Ethnicity and Associations With E-Cigarette Use Status Among U.S. Youth
Although structural discrimination against sexual and racial/ethnicity minorities is a putative risk factor for youth tobacco use, understanding health disparities in youth E-cigarette use at the intersection of sexual orientation, race, and ethnicity is still lacking. This study aims to examine the differences in E-cigarette use prevalence among U.S. youth at the intersections of sexual orientation with race and ethnicity.Redlining and Neighborhood Walking in Older Adults: The 2017 National Household Travel Survey
In the 1930s, Black, working-class, and immigrant neighborhoods were color coded on maps (i.e., redlining) indicating investment risk, which negatively impacted mortgage attainment/homeownership for these groups and led to long-standing segregation by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Limited studies have investigated the health impacts of redlining, particularly among older adults who tend to stay closer to their residences. This study examines whether older adults in historically redlined neighborhoods report less neighborhood walking and whether associations vary by race/ethnicity and income.State-Level Socioeconomic Racial Inequity and Food Insecurity in the U.S.
Racial inequities in food insecurity have been documented for the past 2 decades in the U.S., with the prevalence of food insecurity among Black households being 2–3 times higher than that among White households across time. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between socioeconomic indicators of structural racism at the state level and food insecurity among White and Black households in the U.S.Racial‒Ethnic Disparities of Buprenorphine and Vivitrol Receipt in Medicaid
Expanding access to medications for opioid use disorder is a cornerstone to addressing the opioid overdose epidemic. However, recent research suggests that the distribution of medications for opioid use disorder has been inequitable. This study analyzes the racial‒ethnic disparities in the receipt of medications for opioid use disorder among Medicaid patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder.Health Implications of Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Reflections From Nearly 30 Years Ago
In 1993, when the article “Racism, Sexism and Social Class: Implications for Studies of Health, Disease and Well-Being” by Krieger et al.1 was originally published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine (AJPM), I was working on my PhD at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health and making the case to often incredulous audiences that it was meaningful to examine the contextual impacts of neighborhood disadvantage on health even if individual-level socioeconomic data were available.Breaking Through and Backlash: Advancing Awareness About Racism, Sexism, Social Class, and the People's Health
Thirty years ago, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) held a truly pathbreaking 3-day symposium, by invitation only, that explicitly focused on racism, sexism, social class, and health.1 Titled “Preterm delivery among Black women: The symposium on psychosocial factors” (December 2–5, 1991), this meeting was organized by a visionary group of African American women researchers, led by Diane Rowley, who were based in the Pregnancy and Infant Health Branch in the Division of Reproductive Health in CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (Table 1).U.S. Trends in Age of Cigar Smoking Initiation by Race/Ethnicity and Education
Younger age of initiating cigar smoking is associated with greater nicotine dependence and current use. Age of initiating cigarette smoking has increased over time, whereas trends in age of initiating cigar smoking remain understudied. These trends were examined by race/ethnicity, by education, and at their intersection.A Decade of Nutrition and Health Disparities Research at NIH, 2010–2019
Nutrition health disparities include differences in incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of diet-related diseases and conditions. Often, race, ethnicity, and the social determinants of health are associated with dietary intake and related health disparities. This report describes the nutrition health disparities research supported by NIH over the past decade and offers future research opportunities relevant to NIH's mission as described in the Strategic Plan for NIH Nutrition Research.Nativity-Related Disparities in Preterm Birth and Cardiovascular Risk in a Multiracial U.S. Cohort
Having a preterm birth is associated with future cardiovascular risk. Non-Hispanic Black women have higher rates of preterm birth than non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women, but nativity-related disparities in preterm birth are not well understood.
