Sexually Transmitted Infections
Accelerating Cervical Cancer Screening With Human Papillomavirus Genotyping
Selective utilization of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping in cervical cancer screening can accelerate clinical management, leading to earlier identification and treatment of precancerous lesions and cancer. Specifically, immediate colposcopy (instead of 1-year return) is recommended in persons with normal cytology and HPV genotypes 16 and/or 18, and expedited treatment (instead of colposcopy) is recommended in persons with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) cytology and HPV genotype 16.Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women of Reproductive Age by Disability Type
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in women of reproductive age by disability type and examine the association between disability types, participant characteristics, and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).Associations of Transactional Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Treatment-Seeking Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder
Coinciding with the rise in opioid use across the U.S., the rates of sexually transmitted infections have reached historically high levels, underscoring the need to understand multiple pathways of disease spread. Although prevention is often focused on injection-related behaviors, this study sought to identify the prevalence and associations of a little understood pathway, transactional sex, among individuals with opioid use disorder, including associations of transactional sex with the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection diagnoses.Prenatal Syphilis Screening Among Medicaid Enrollees in 6 Southern States
The rates of syphilis among pregnant women and infants have increased in recent years, particularly in the U.S. South. Although state policies require prenatal syphilis testing, recent screening rates comparable across Southern states are not known. The purpose of this study is to measure syphilis screening among Medicaid enrollees with delivery in states in the U.S. South.Long-Acting Reversible Contraception, Condom Use, and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Given mixed findings regarding the relationship between long-acting reversible contraception and condom use, this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes studies comparing sexually transmitted infection‒related outcomes between users of long-acting reversible contraception (intrauterine devices, implants) and users of moderately effective contraceptive methods (oral contraceptives, injectables, patches, rings).Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening in the U.S.
This study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on testing for common sexually transmitted infections. Specifically, changes are measured in chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and case detection among patients aged 14–49 years during the COVID-19 pandemic.Easing Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Hesitancy: A Communication Experiment With U.S. Parents
The Announcement Approach using presumptive announcements increases human papillomavirus vaccine uptake. This study seeks to understand the impact of the final Announcement Approach steps—easing parents’ vaccine concerns and then encouraging them to get human papillomavirus vaccine for their children—on parents’ human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy and confidence in the vaccine's benefits.The Impact of Driving Time to Family Planning Facilities on Preventive Service Use in Ohio
Publicly funded family planning clinics provide preventive health services to low-income populations in the U.S. In recent years, several states, including Ohio, have restricted public funds for organizations that provide or refer patients to abortion care, often resulting in clinic closures. This research evaluates the effects of such closures on preventive service use and access to care among female adults in Ohio.Randomized Trial to Reduce Risky Sexual Behavior Among Justice-Involved Adolescents
Justice-involved adolescents are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections; one primary reason is co-occurring substance use. This study investigates the additive benefit of including alcohol and cannabis use content in a theory-based sexual risk reduction intervention, delivered using group-based motivational enhancement therapy.Geographic Variation in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Initiation and Completion Among Young Adults in the U.S.
This study explores how human papillomavirus vaccination initiation and completion among men and women aged 18–34 years varies by geographic region.Rural–Urban Differences in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Young Adults in 8 U.S. States
Each year, nearly 44,000 new cancers attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are diagnosed in the U.S., approximately 79% of which could have been prevented by HPV vaccination.1 HPV vaccination is routinely recommended for all adolescents aged 11–12 years, with catch-up vaccination recommended through age 26 years.2 For unvaccinated adults aged 27–45 years, a shared clinical decision-making approach to HPV vaccination is recommended.2 HPV vaccination rates in the U.S. are suboptimal.Sexually Transmitted Infections and Contraceptive Use in Adolescents
Although a number of contraception methods exist, long-acting reversible contraceptives have been recommended for female adolescents owing to their low failure rates. However, concern exists that the increasing use of long-acting reversible contraceptive among female adolescents may have unintended consequences of decreasing condom use for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Despite this concern, few studies have directly explored the relationship between the use of long-acting reversible contraceptive versus other forms of contraception and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in female adolescents.Availability of Safety-net Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinical Services in the U.S., 2018
Safety-net sexually transmitted disease services can prevent transmission of sexually transmitted disease. This study assesses the availability of safety-net sexually transmitted disease clinical services across the U.S.Human Papillomavirus 16/18–Associated Cervical Lesions: Differences by Area-Based Measures of Race and Poverty
This analysis evaluates trends in cervical lesions with human papillomavirus 16/18 detected by area-based measures of race, ethnicity, and poverty during 2008–2015.Medicaid Coverage of Sexually Transmitted Disease Service Visits
Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the most commonly reported notifiable infections in the U.S., with direct medical costs for the treatment of these infections exceeding $700 million annually. Medicaid currently covers approximately 80 million low-income Americans, including a high percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Studies have shown that racial and ethnic minority populations, particularly those with low SES, are at an increased risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease. Therefore, as Medicaid expands, there will likely be a greater demand for sexually transmitted disease services in community-based physician offices.Temporal Patterns in Chlamydia Repeat Testing in Massachusetts
National guidelines recommend test-of-cure for pregnant women and test-of-reinfection for all patients with chlamydia infections in order to interrupt transmission and prevent adverse sequelae for patients, partners, and newborns. Little is known about retesting and positivity rates, and whether they are changing over time, particularly in private sector practices.Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Interventions in the U.S.: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Despite current recommendations, human papillomavirus vaccine uptake remains low. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of interventions targeting human papillomavirus vaccine initiation and completion among children, adolescents, and young adults aged 9–26 years.National Trends in Human Papillomavirus Awareness and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus–Related Cancers
The President's Cancer Panel released a report in 2014 calling for communication strategies to promote the human papillomavirus vaccine among males and females. The purpose of this study was to (1) estimate changes in human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge of human papillomavirus–related cancers from 2014 to 2017 using a nationally representative survey of adults in the U.S. and (2) identify differences in population subgroups that showed significant changes in human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge of human papillomavirus–related cancers.Impacts of Federal Prevention Funding on Reported Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Rates
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention allocates funds annually to jurisdictions nationwide for sexually transmitted infection prevention activities. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of federal sexually transmitted infection prevention funding for reducing rates of reported sexually transmitted infections.Trauma Exposure, DSM-5 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Sexual Risk Outcomes
The current study examined associations between DSM-5 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and three sexual risk outcomes: presence of a sexually transmitted disease/infection, frequency of condom use, and sex with a known user of injection drugs.Three Years Post–Affordable Care Act Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics Remain Critical Among Vulnerable Populations
The purpose of the study is to examine whether demand for publicly funded sexually transmitted disease clinics changed after Affordable Care Act implementation.The Affordability of Providing Sexually Transmitted Disease Services at a Safety-net Clinic
Sexually transmitted diseases continue to increase in the U.S. There is a growing need for financially viable models to ensure the longevity of safety-net sexually transmitted disease clinics, which provide testing and treatment to high-risk populations. This micro-costing analysis estimated the number of visits required to balance cost and revenue of a sexually transmitted disease clinic in a Medicaid expansion state.Moving the Message Beyond the Methods: Toward Integration of Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infection/HIV Prevention
Preventing unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, are public health priorities in the U.S.1 Recognizing that both outcomes are related to sexual behavior, experts have called for integration of these prevention efforts.2,3 Yet, integrating unintended pregnancy and STI/HIV prevention is challenging, partly because the most effective contraceptive options for preventing pregnancy provide no protection against STIs/HIV. Although condoms can be 98% effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly and consistently,4 recent estimates indicate with typical use they are associated with a 13% pregnancy rate during the first year.Association of Bacterial Vaginosis With Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Among Women in the U.S. Army
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal condition in women of reproductive age, which has been associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among commercial sex workers and women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. Pathogen-specific associations between BV and other sexually transmitted infections among U.S. military women have not been investigated.Continued Importance of Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in the Era of the Affordable Care Act
Following the 2014 expansions of Medicaid and private health insurance through the Affordable Care Act, municipal sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics—which have historically served predominantly uninsured patients—have been threatened with budget cuts nationwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the insurance expansions on the demand for STD clinic services.
