Tobacco & Nicotine
Association Between E-Cigarettes and Asthma in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Numerous studies have revealed the relationship between E-cigarettes and asthma but have shown inconsistent results. This study systematically evaluated the potential association between E-cigarette use and asthma in adolescents.Adolescents' Health Perceptions of E-Cigarettes: A Systematic Review
E-cigarette use is increasing among adolescents, particularly in high-income countries. This review examines the health perceptions of E-cigarettes among adolescents (aged 12–17 years) residing in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand and their sources of E-cigarette information.Tobacco Use at the Intersection of Sex and Sexual Identity in the U.S., 2007–2020: A Meta-Analysis
A 2009 systematic review synthesized data between 1987 and 2007 and revealed a higher prevalence of smoking among sexual minority populations than among heterosexuals. Subsequently, growing attention to tobacco use among sexual minority populations has spurred more literature on this issue because higher tobacco use prevalence has been found in certain sexual minority subgroups relative to others. However, a population-level synthesis of tobacco use prevalence by sexual minority subgroup has not been done for the past decade.Smoking-Cessation Interventions for U.S. Young Adults: Updated Systematic Review
Recent data suggest that the onset of cigarette smoking is now more likely during young adulthood than adolescence. Additionally, the landscape of delivering smoking-cessation interventions has changed in the past decade, with the emergence of mobile phone and web-based approaches. The objective of this study is to update a 2010 systematic review of smoking-cessation interventions for U.S. young adults (aged 18–24 years).Smoking-Cessation Interventions in Appalachia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Appalachia, a socioeconomically disadvantaged rural region in the eastern U.S., has one of the nation's highest prevalence rates of smoking and some of the poorest health outcomes. Effective interventions that lower smoking rates in Appalachia have great potential to reduce health disparities and preventable illness; however, a better understanding of effective interventions is needed.Smoking Cessation for Smokers Not Ready to Quit: Meta-analysis and Cost-effectiveness Analysis
To provide a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis on smoking interventions targeting smokers not ready to quit, a population that makes up approximately 32% of current smokers.Effect of Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression
The study systematically reviewed articles on the association between tobacco smoking and periodontitis, as it has been hypothesized that smoking affects the course of periodontitis through impairment of immunological and vascular mechanisms.Combination Therapies for Smoking Cessation: A Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis
Treatment guidelines recommend the use of combination therapies for smoking cessation, particularly behavioral therapy (BT) as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. However, these guidelines rely on previous reviews with important limitations. This study’s objective was to evaluate the efficacy of combination therapies compared with monotherapies, using the most rigorous data available.eReferral Between Hospitals and Quitlines: An Emerging Tobacco Control Strategy
More than two thirds of adult U.S. smokers, or about 30 million people, see a healthcare provider every year1 and more than half try to quit smoking. Yet most are not successful because they do not use recommended treatments of counseling and medication,2 even when seen by a health professional.3 Although healthcare encounters offer an opportunity to treat smoking, most healthcare systems do not have the resources to deliver full evidence-based treatments to their smokers. To address this problem, healthcare systems, including hospitals, are partnering with the nationwide network of state tobacco-cessation quitlines to implement a new, technologically advanced bidirectional electronic referral (eReferral) designed under the auspices of the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC), the organization tasked with maximizing access, use, and effectiveness of quitlines in the U.S.Predictors of the Onset of Cigarette Smoking: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Population-Based Studies in Youth
The onset of cigarette smoking typically occurs during childhood or early adolescence. Nicotine dependence symptoms can manifest soon after onset, contributing to sustained, long-term smoking. Previous reviews have not clarified the determinants of onset.Economic Approaches to Estimating Benefits of Regulations Affecting Addictive Goods
The question of how to evaluate lost consumer surplus in benefit−cost analyses has been contentious. There are clear health benefits of regulations that curb consumption of goods with health risks, such as tobacco products and foods high in fats, calories, sugar, and sodium. Yet, if regulations cause consumers to give up goods they like, the health benefits they experience may be offset by some utility loss, which benefit−cost analyses of regulations need to take into account. This paper lays out the complications of measuring benefits of regulations aiming to curb consumption of addictive and habitual goods, rooted in the fact that consumers’ observed demand for such goods may not be in line with their true preferences.Perspectives in Implementing a Pragmatic Pediatric Primary Care–Based Intervention Trial
The 2013 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concluded that behavioral interventions are effective in reducing initiation of smoking in youth, recommending primary care clinicians provide education or brief counseling to prevent initiation, and that there are promising trends toward behavioral interventions improving cessation in this population. Our primary care–based intervention RCT conducted between 2000 and 2004, Air It Out, informed these USPSTF recommendations. Our trial was designed to determine whether a pediatric primary care practice–based smoking prevention and cessation intervention would be effective in increasing abstinence rates among adolescents under usual clinic conditions, to inform clinical practice.Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate
The elimination of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products in the U.S. would prevent tens of millions of tobacco-related deaths. It has been suggested that the introduction of less harmful nicotine delivery devices, such as electronic cigarettes or other electronic nicotine delivery systems, will accelerate progress toward ending combustible cigarette use. However, careful consideration of the potential adverse health effects from nicotine itself is often absent from public health debates.Economics of Mass Media Health Campaigns with Health-Related Product Distribution: A Community Guide Systematic Review
The objective of this systematic review was to determine the costs, benefits, and overall economic value of communication campaigns that included mass media and distribution of specified health-related products at reduced price or free of charge.Harm Reduction at the Crossroads: The Case of E-Cigarettes
The recent popularity of electronic (e)-cigarettes and their rapid uptake by youth has ignited the debate about their role as a harm-reduction strategy. Harm reduction in the context of tobacco control contends that in societies that have achieved considerable success in curbing smoking, leaving the remaining hard-to-quit smokers with an abstinence-only option is unfair, especially when less-harmful choices are available. On one side of the debate are those who call for caution in endorsing such products until critical pieces of evidence about their safety and potential become available, whereas the other side argues that waiting until all questions about e-cigarettes are answered is dogma driven.State Pre-Emption, Local Control, and Alcohol Retail Outlet Density Regulation
The substantial health and economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption make its reduction a major public health and economic concern. The Community Preventive Services Task Force, based on a systematic review of the research literature, concluded that restricting alcohol retail outlet density through local land use and zoning regulations is an effective strategy for reducing these costs. Yet the implementation of the Task Force's recommendation is limited by state pre-emption, which determines the extent to which states allow local government to adopt policies and enact legislation.Federal Approaches to the Regulation of Noncigarette Tobacco Products
Under a grant funded by ClearWay MinnesotaSM and in partnership with nationally recognized experts in tobacco product regulation, the Public Health Law Center investigated how laws at every level apply, or fail to apply, to noncigarette tobacco products—also called “other tobacco products.”Efficacy of Smoking-Cessation Interventions for Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Approximately 22% of U.S. young adults (aged 18–24 years) are smokers. Young adults typically display an interest in quitting, but it is unknown whether the evidence-based cessation programs designed for adults will be equally effective for young adults. This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of smoking-cessation programs for this population.What Do Cigarette Pack Colors Communicate to Smokers in the U.S.?
New legislation in the U.S. prohibits tobacco companies from labeling cigarette packs with terms such as light, mild, or low after June 2010. However, experience from countries that have removed these descriptors suggests that different terms, colors, or numbers communicating the same messages may replace them.Correcting Over 50 Years of Tobacco Industry Misinformation
In 2006, a U.S. Federal Court ruled that the major domestic cigarette manufacturers were guilty of conspiring to deny, distort, and minimize the hazards of cigarette smoking to the public and ordered corrective statements to correct these deceptions.The Impact of Cigarette Pack Design, Descriptors, and Warning Labels on Risk Perception in the U.S.
In the U.S., limited evidence exists on the impact of colors and brand imagery used in cigarette pack design.
