Vaccine Preventable Diseases
Impact of Low Rates of Influenza on Next-Season Influenza Infections
Interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19 during the 2020–2021 influenza season essentially eliminated influenza during that season. Given waning antibody titers over time, future residual population immunity against influenza will be reduced. The implication for the subsequent 2021–2022 influenza season is unknown.Easing Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Hesitancy: A Communication Experiment With U.S. Parents
The Announcement Approach using presumptive announcements increases human papillomavirus vaccine uptake. This study seeks to understand the impact of the final Announcement Approach steps—easing parents’ vaccine concerns and then encouraging them to get human papillomavirus vaccine for their children—on parents’ human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy and confidence in the vaccine's benefits.Out-of-Pocket Spending for Influenza Hospitalizations in Medicare Advantage
Although many Medicare Advantage plans have waived cost sharing for COVID-19 hospitalizations, these waivers are voluntary and may be temporary. To estimate the magnitude of potential patient cost sharing if waivers are not implemented or are allowed to expire, this study assesses the level and predictors of out-of-pocket spending for influenza hospitalizations in 2018 among elderly Medicare Advantage patients.Rural–Urban Differences in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Young Adults in 8 U.S. States
Each year, nearly 44,000 new cancers attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are diagnosed in the U.S., approximately 79% of which could have been prevented by HPV vaccination.1 HPV vaccination is routinely recommended for all adolescents aged 11–12 years, with catch-up vaccination recommended through age 26 years.2 For unvaccinated adults aged 27–45 years, a shared clinical decision-making approach to HPV vaccination is recommended.2 HPV vaccination rates in the U.S. are suboptimal.Meningococcal Serogroup B Vaccine Policies and Recommendations at U.S. Colleges and Universities
Serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) disease is a rare but serious illness that can result in permanent disability and death. In the U.S., where approximately 50–60 cases and 5–10 deaths among adolescents and young adults are reported annually, 2 MenB vaccines are approved for people aged 10–25 years and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for select populations at high risk due to immune deficiencies, potential occupational exposure, or an ongoing outbreak.Immunogenicity of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Meta-Analysis
The study aims to quantitatively assess the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born preterm or with low birth weight.Rhode Island Human Papillomavirus Vaccine School Entry Requirement Using Provider-Verified Report
Human papillomavirus vaccine school entry requirements may be an opportunity to improve the low rates of human papillomavirus vaccination among adolescents. This study evaluates changes in provider-verified human papillomavirus vaccine uptake by age 13 years for adolescents in Rhode Island compared with all other states from 2011 to 2017.Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Coverage Trends Among Adult Populations, U.S., 2010–2016
Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. The most effective strategy for preventing influenza is annual vaccination. However, vaccination coverage has been suboptimal among adult populations. The purpose of this study is to assess trends in influenza vaccination among adult populations.Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Interventions in the U.S.: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Despite current recommendations, human papillomavirus vaccine uptake remains low. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of interventions targeting human papillomavirus vaccine initiation and completion among children, adolescents, and young adults aged 9–26 years.National Trends in Human Papillomavirus Awareness and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus–Related Cancers
The President's Cancer Panel released a report in 2014 calling for communication strategies to promote the human papillomavirus vaccine among males and females. The purpose of this study was to (1) estimate changes in human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge of human papillomavirus–related cancers from 2014 to 2017 using a nationally representative survey of adults in the U.S. and (2) identify differences in population subgroups that showed significant changes in human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge of human papillomavirus–related cancers.Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among English-Speaking Asian Americans
English-speaking non-Hispanic Asians (Asians) in the U.S. include populations with multiple geographic origins and ethnicities (e.g., Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese). Health behaviors and outcomes can differ widely among Asian ethnicities, and highlight the importance of subgroup analysis. Aggregating Asians may mask differences in influenza vaccination across various ethnicities.The Cost of Interventions to Increase Influenza Vaccination: A Systematic Review
Influenza vaccination rates remain below Healthy People 2020 goals. This project sought to systematically review economic evaluations of healthcare-based quality improvement interventions for improving influenza vaccination uptake among general populations and healthcare workers.Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel by Work Setting and Occupation—U.S., 2014
Routine influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) can reduce influenza-related illness and its potentially serious consequences among HCP and their patients. Influenza vaccination has been routinely recommended for HCP since 1984.Assessment of State Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Laws
Identifying pregnant women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for post-exposure prophylaxis of their infants is critical to preventing mother-to-child transmission of HBV infection. HBV infection in infancy results in premature death from chronic liver disease or cancer in 25% of affected infants. Universal screening of pregnant women for HBV infection is the standard of care, and in many states is supported by laws for screening and reporting these infections to public health. No recent assessment of state screening and reporting laws for HBV infection has been published.Herpes Zoster Vaccine Coverage in Older Adults in the U.S., 2007–2013
This study aimed to assess the coverage of herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine among a large cohort of insured individuals aged ≥50 years from 2007 to 2013, and to determine the factors associated with being vaccinated for adults aged ≥60 years.National and State-Specific Shingles Vaccination Among Adults Aged ≥60 Years
Shingles (herpes zoster) causes substantial morbidity, especially among older adults. The shingles vaccine has been recommended for people aged ≥60 years since 2006. This study assessed recent shingles vaccination at national and state levels among adults aged ≥60 years.Concomitant Adolescent Vaccination in the U.S., 2007–2012
Concomitant (same-day) delivery of two or more vaccines to adolescents is effective, safe, and efficient. Increasing concomitant vaccination could improve coverage for recommended adolescent vaccines, but little is known about who receives vaccines concomitantly.The National Adult Immunization Plan: Strengthening Adult Immunization Through Coordinated Action
Despite the widespread availability of safe and effective vaccines, adult vaccination rates remain low in the U.S. and far below Healthy People 2020 targets.1–3 Vaccine-preventable diseases exert a heavy toll on adults aged 18 years and older. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that among U.S. adults, each year there are roughly 40,000 cases and 4,000 deaths attributable to invasive pneumococcal disease,4 between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths due to seasonal influenza,5 9,000 reported cases of pertussis,6 approximately 3,000 reported cases of acute hepatitis B,7 and about 1 million cases of herpes zoster.Cost Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine for U.S. Children: Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
Prior studies showed that live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is more effective than inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children aged 2–8 years, supporting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations in 2014 for preferential LAIV use in this age group. However, 2014–2015 U.S. effectiveness data indicated relatively poor effectiveness of both vaccines, leading CDC in 2015 to no longer prefer LAIV.Cost Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine Choices in Children Aged 2–8 Years in the U.S.
Prior evidence found live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) more effective than inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children aged 2–8 years, leading CDC in 2014 to prefer LAIV use in this group. However, since 2013, LAIV has not proven superior, leading CDC in 2015 to rescind their LAIV preference statement. Here, the cost effectiveness of preferred LAIV use compared with IIV in children aged 2–8 years is estimated.Value of Post-Licensure Data on Benefits and Risks of Vaccination to Inform Vaccine Policy: The Example of Rotavirus Vaccines
In 1999, the first rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine licensed in the U.S. was withdrawn within a year of its introduction after it was linked with intussusception at a rate of ~1 excess case per 10,000 vaccinated infants. While clinical trials of 60,000–70,000 infants of each of the two current live oral rotavirus vaccines, RotaTeq (RV5) and Rotarix (RV1), did not find an association with intussusception, post-licensure studies have documented a risk in several high and middle income countries, at a rate of ~1–6 excess cases per 100,000 vaccinated infants.Vaccines for Prevention of Group B Meningococcal Disease: Not Your Father’s Vaccines
For decades, there was no licensed vaccine for prevention of endemic capsular group B meningococcal disease, despite the availability of vaccines for prevention of the other most common meningococcal capsular groups. Recently, however, two new vaccines have been licensed for prevention of group B disease. Although immunogenic and considered to have an acceptable safety profile, there are many scientific unknowns about these vaccines, including effectiveness against antigenically diverse endemic meningococcal strains; duration of protection; whether they provide any herd protection; and whether there will be meningococcal antigenic changes that will diminish effectiveness over time.Prospects for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines
The development of vaccines that could provide broad protection against antigenically variant influenza viruses has long been the ultimate prize in influenza research. Recent developments have pushed us closer to this goal, and such vaccines may now be within reach. This brief review outlines the current approaches to broadly protective vaccines, and the probable hurdles and roadblocks to achieving this goal.National and State-Specific Td and Tdap Vaccination of Adult Populations
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a single dose of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) for adults followed by tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) booster doses every 10 years thereafter. This study assessed recent Td and Tdap vaccination among adult populations.Influenza-Associated Excess Mortality in South Korea
It is important to determine the health impact of influenza in order to calibrate public health measures. The objective of this study was to estimate excess mortality associated with influenza in Korea in 2003–2013.
